Prometheus 是一款基于时序数据库的开源监控告警系统，非常适合Kubernetes集群的监控。Prometheus的基本原理是通过HTTP协议周期性抓取被监控组件的状态，任意组件只要提供对应的HTTP接口就可以接入监控。不需要任何SDK或者其他的集成过程。这样做非常适合做虚拟化环境监控系统，比如VM、Docker、Kubernetes等。输出被监控组件信息的HTTP接口被叫做exporter 。目前互联网公司常用的组件大部分都有exporter可以直接使用，比如Varnish、Haproxy、Nginx、MySQL、Linux系统信息(包括磁盘、内存、CPU、网络等等)。Promethus有以下特点：

支持多维数据模型：由度量名和键值对组成的时间序列数据
内置时间序列数据库TSDB
支持PromQL查询语言，可以完成非常复杂的查询和分析，对图表展示和告警非常有意义
支持HTTP的Pull方式采集时间序列数据
支持PushGateway采集瞬时任务的数据
支持服务发现和静态配置两种方式发现目标
支持接入Grafana

以下是在k8s集群部署k8s并监控服务器系统，java，k8s指标的相关配置示例

首先准备prometheus的配置文件(内容可以根据需求在自定义)

apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
  name: prometheus-config
  namespace: monitor
data:
  prometheus.yml: |
    global:
      scrape_interval:     15s
      evaluation_interval: 15s
    rule_files:
    - /etc/prometheus/rules.yml
    alerting:
      alertmanagers:
        - static_configs:
          - targets: ["alertmanager:9093"]
    scrape_configs:
    - job_name: jvm  **#java相关的监控需要在服务端集成agent**
      scrape_interval: 5s
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: endpoints
      relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_jvm]
        action: keep
        regex: true
      - source_labels: [__address__, __meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_port]
        action: replace
        target_label: __address__
        regex: ([^:]+)(?::\d+)?;(\d+)
        replacement: $1:$2
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_name]
        action: replace
        regex: (.+)
        target_label: application
        replacement: $1
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_service_label_(.+)
    - job_name: 'node-exporter'   **#服务器系统监控**
      scheme: http
      tls_config:
        ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
      bearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: node
      relabel_configs:
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_node_label_(.+)
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_node_address_InternalIP]
        regex: (.+)
        target_label: __address__
        replacement: ${1}:9100 
      - source_labels: [instance]
        regex: (.+)
        target_label: node
        replacement: ${1}
    - job_name: 'kubernetes-apiservers'   **#k8sapiserver接口监控**
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: endpoints
      scheme: https
      tls_config:
        ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
      bearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
      relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace, __meta_kubernetes_service_name, __meta_kubernetes_endpoint_port_name]
        action: keep
        regex: default;kubernetes;https
    - job_name: 'kubernetes-nodes'     **#k8s相关节点系统监控**
      scheme: https
      tls_config:
        ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
      bearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: node
      relabel_configs:
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_node_label_(.+)
      - target_label: __address__
        replacement: kubernetes.default.svc:443
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_node_name]
        regex: (.+)
        target_label: __metrics_path__
        replacement: /api/v1/nodes/${1}/proxy/metrics     
    - job_name: 'kubernetes-pods'       **#k8s集群内pod监控**
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: pod
      relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_scrape]
        action: keep
        regex: true
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_path]
        action: replace
        target_label: __metrics_path__
        regex: (.+)
      - source_labels: [__address__, __meta_kubernetes_pod_annotation_prometheus_io_port]
        action: replace
        regex: ([^:]+)(?::\d+)?;(\d+)
        replacement: $1:$2
        target_label: __address__
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_pod_label_(.+)
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]
        action: replace
        target_label: kubernetes_namespace
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_pod_name]
        action: replace
        target_label: kubernetes_pod_name
    - job_name: 'kube-state-metrics'          **#关注集群中资源的动态变化**
      scheme: http
      tls_config:
        insecure_skip_verify: true
        ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
      bearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
      static_configs:
        - targets: ['kube-state-metrics.kube-system.svc.cluster.local:8080']  **#注意kube-state-metrics的部署空间**
    - job_name: 'kubernetes-cadvisor'      **#获取容器的相关监控指标**
      scheme: https
      tls_config:
        ca_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt
      bearer_token_file: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: node
      relabel_configs:
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_node_label_(.+)
      - target_label: __address__
        replacement: kubernetes.default.svc:443
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_node_name]
        regex: (.+)
        target_label: __metrics_path__
        replacement: /api/v1/nodes/${1}/proxy/metrics/cadvisor
      - source_labels: [instance]
        regex: (.+)
        target_label: node
        replacement: ${1}
    - job_name: 'kubernetes-service-endpoints'         **#获取集群端点信息**
      kubernetes_sd_configs:
      - role: endpoints
      relabel_configs:
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_scrape]
        action: keep
        regex: true
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_scheme]
        action: replace
        target_label: __scheme__
        regex: (https?)
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_path]
        action: replace
        target_label: __metrics_path__
        regex: (.+)
      - source_labels: [__address__, __meta_kubernetes_service_annotation_prometheus_io_port]
        action: replace
        target_label: __address__
        regex: ([^:]+)(?::\d+)?;(\d+)
        replacement: $1:$2
      - action: labelmap
        regex: __meta_kubernetes_service_label_(.+)
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_namespace]
        action: replace
        target_label: kubernetes_namespace
      - source_labels: [__meta_kubernetes_service_name]
        action: replace
        target_label: kubernetes_name

创建一个账号并赋权

apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: prometheus
  namespace: monitor

---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: prometheus
rules:
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes
      - services
      - endpoints
      - pods
      - nodes/proxy
    verbs:
      - get
      - list
      - watch
  - apiGroups:
      - "extensions"
    resources:
      - ingresses
    verbs:
      - get
      - list
      - watch
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - configmaps
      - nodes/metrics
    verbs:
      - get
  - nonResourceURLs:
      - /metrics
    verbs:
      - get
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: prometheus
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: prometheus
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: prometheus
    namespace: monitor

部署prometheus

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: prometheus
  namespace: monitor
  labels:
    app: prometheus
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: prometheus
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: prometheus
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: prometheus
      containers:
        - image: prom/prometheus:v2.31.1
          name: prometheus
          args:
            - "--config.file=/etc/prometheus/prometheus.yml"
            - "--storage.tsdb.path=/prometheus" 
            - "--storage.tsdb.retention.time=48h"
            - "--web.enable-admin-api" 
            - "--web.enable-lifecycle" 
          ports:
            - containerPort: 9090
              name: http
          volumeMounts:
            - mountPath: "/etc/prometheus"
              name: config-volume
            - mountPath: "/prometheus"
              name: data
          resources:
            requests:
              cpu: 200m
              memory: 1024Mi
            limits:
              cpu: 200m
              memory: 1024Mi
      volumes:
        - name: data
          emptyDir: {}
        - configMap:
            name: prometheus-config
          name: config-volume
      initContainers:
      - name: fix-permissions
        image: busybox
        command: [chown, -R, "nobody:nobody", /prometheus]
        volumeMounts:
        - name: data
          mountPath: /prometheus

部署node_exporter

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: node-exporter
  namespace: monitor
  labels:
    app: node-exporter
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: node-exporter
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: node-exporter
    spec:
      hostPID: true
      hostIPC: true
      hostNetwork: true
      nodeSelector:
        kubernetes.io/os: linux
      containers:
        - name: node-exporter
          image: prom/node-exporter:v1.3.1
          args:
            - --web.listen-address=$(HOSTIP):9100
            - --path.procfs=/host/proc
            - --path.sysfs=/host/sys
            - --path.rootfs=/host/root
            - --no-collector.hwmon 
            - --no-collector.nfs
            - --no-collector.nfsd
            - --no-collector.nvme
            - --no-collector.dmi
            - --no-collector.arp
            - --collector.filesystem.ignored-mount-points=^/(dev|proc|sys|var/lib/containerd/.+|/var/lib/docker/.+|var/lib/kubelet/pods/.+)($|/)
            - --collector.filesystem.ignored-fs-types=^(autofs|binfmt_misc|cgroup|configfs|debugfs|devpts|devtmpfs|fusectl|hugetlbfs|mqueue|overlay|proc|procfs|pstore|rpc_pipefs|securityfs|sysfs|tracefs)$
          ports:
            - containerPort: 9100
          env:
            - name: HOSTIP
              valueFrom:
                fieldRef:
                  fieldPath: status.hostIP
          resources:
            requests:
              cpu: 150m
              memory: 180Mi
            limits:
              cpu: 150m
              memory: 180Mi
          securityContext:
            runAsNonRoot: true
            runAsUser: 65534
          volumeMounts:
            - name: proc
              mountPath: /host/proc
            - name: sys
              mountPath: /host/sys
            - name: root
              mountPath: /host/root
              mountPropagation: HostToContainer
              readOnly: true
      tolerations: # 添加容忍
        - operator: "Exists"
      volumes:
        - name: proc
          hostPath:
            path: /proc
        - name: dev
          hostPath:
            path: /dev
        - name: sys
          hostPath:
            path: /sys
        - name: root
          hostPath:
            path: /

部署prometheus的service

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    app: prometheus-svc
  name: prometheus-svc
  namespace: monitor
spec:
  ports:
  - name: 32001-9090
    port: 9090
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 9090
  selector:
    app: prometheus
  type: NodePort

部署kube-state-metric：

git clone https://github.com/starsliao/Prometheus.git
进入kubernetes目录选择kube-state-metric版本目录
sed -i 's/namespace: ops-monit/namespace: monitor/g' ./*  更换命名空间
在service.yaml中annoation添加
    prometheus.io/scrape: "true"  #表示 Prometheus 应抓取与此注释关联的应用程序/服务的指标数据。
    prometheus.io/port: "8080"   #表示应用程序/服务暴露其指标数据的端口号为8080。
    kubectl apply -f .

(如果日志报没有权限获取相关信息、，修改cluster-role-binding.yaml中roleRef的name为cluster-admin)

dashboard 可参考https://grafana.com/orgs/starsliao/dashboards相关图表展示
jvm面板 10519参考