LangChain理论及应用实战：Loader, Document, Embedding，LangChain入门到精通，收藏这篇就足够了！

Python秒杀

1197人浏览 · 2025-09-08 13:49:58

Python秒杀 · 2025-09-08 13:49:58 发布

本文主要内容：基于Langchian实现RAG

Langchian中 RAG 中的 Retrieve（检索） 流程如下：
在这里插入图片描述

各种文档->各种loader->文本切片->嵌入向量化->向量存储->各种检索链

1. Loader 加载器

loader 就是从指定源进行加载数据，比如：

Text文件：TextLoader
文件夹：DirectoryLoader
CSV文件：CSVLoader
Google网盘：GoogleDriveLoader
任意的网页：UnstructuredHTMLLoader
PDF：PyPDFLoader
Youtube：YoutubeLoader

上面只是简单的进行列举了几个，官方提供了超级的多的加载器供你使用。
这里，我们给出最为常见的几种数据loader的使用方式：

(1) 加载Text文件：TextLoader

from langchain_community.document_loaders import TextLoader

loader = TextLoader("./index.md")
data = loader.load()

(2) 加载CSV文件：CSVLoader


from langchain_community.document_loaders import CSVLoader

loader = CSVLoader("./data/test.csv")
data = loader.load()

(3) 加载JSON文件

# pip install jq
from langchain_community.document_loaders import JSONLoader

loader = JSONLoader(
    file_path="./data/student.json", jq_schema=".template", text_content=False
)
data = loader.load()

(4) 加载PDF文件：PyPDFLoader

# pip install pypdf
from langchain_community.document_loaders import PyPDFLoader

loader = PyPDFLoader("./data/paper.pdf")
data = loader.load()

2. Text Splitter 文本分割

文本分割就是用来分割文本的。为什么需要分割文本？因为我们每次不管是做把文本当作 prompt 发给 openai api ，还是还是使用 openai api embedding 功能都是有字符限制的。

比如我们将一份300页的 pdf 发给 openai api，让他进行总结，他肯定会报超过最大 Token 错。所以这里就需要使用文本分割器去分割我们 loader 进来的 Document。

示例如下：

from langchain.text_splitter import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter

# 加载需要切分的文档

with open("./data/file.txt") as f:
    all_text = f.read()

# 使用递归字符切分器
text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(
    chunk_size=200,  # 切分的文本块大小
    chunk_overlap=20,  # 切分的文本块重叠大小
    length_function=len,  # 长度函数
    add_start_index=True  # 是否添加开始索引
)

split_text = text_splitter.create_documents([all_text])
print(split_text)

输出如下：

[Document(metadata={'start_index': 0}, page_content='LangChain is a framework for developing applications powered by large language models (LLMs).\n\nLangChain simplifies every stage of the LLM application lifecycle:'), Document(metadata={'start_index': 163}, page_content="Development: Build your applications using LangChain's open-source components and third-party integrations. Use LangGraph to build stateful agents with first-class streaming and human-in-the-loop"), Document(metadata={'start_index': 341}, page_content='human-in-the-loop support.'), Document(metadata={'start_index': 368}, page_content='Productionization: Use LangSmith to inspect, monitor and evaluate your applications, so that you can continuously optimize and deploy with confidence.'), Document(metadata={'start_index': 519}, page_content='Deployment: Turn your LangGraph applications into production-ready APIs and Assistants with LangGraph Platform.')]

3. 文档的总结、精炼、翻译

首先安装 doctran 依赖包：

pip install doctran

具体实现如下：

from dotenv import load_dotenv
from doctran import Doctran
import os

# 加载文档
with open("./data/file.txt") as f:
    content = f.read()

load_dotenv("openai.env")
OPENAI_API_KEY = os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY")
OPENAI_API_BASE = os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_BASE")
OPENAI_MODEL = "gpt-3.5-turbo-16k"
OPENAI_TOKEN_LIMIT = 8000


doctrans = Doctran(
    openai_api_key=OPENAI_API_KEY,
    openai_model=OPENAI_MODEL,
    openai_token_limit=OPENAI_TOKEN_LIMIT,
)
documents = doctran.create_documents(content=content)

# (1) 总结文档
summary = documents.summarize(token_limit=100).execute()
print(summary.transformed_content)

# (2) 翻译文档
translation = documents.translate(
    language="chinese"
).execute()
print(summary.transformed_content)

# (3) 精炼文档，仅保留与主题相关的内容
refined = documents.refine(
    topic=['langchain']
).execute()
print(refined.transformed_content)

4. 文本向量化

Embedding嵌入可以让一组文本或者一段话以向量来表示，从而可以让我们在向量空间中进行语义搜索之类的操作，从而大幅提升学习能力。

# from langchain.embeddings import OpenAIEmbeddings
from langchain_ollama import OllamaEmbeddings

e_model = OllamaEmbeddings(
    model="nomic-embed-text"
    )

text = "今天天气真好"
single_vector = e_model.embed_query(text)
print("single_vector:", single_vector)

multi_vector = e_model.embed_documents(
    [
        "你好",
        "今天天气真好",
        "你叫什么名字",
        "我叫小红",

    ]
)

print("multi_vector:", multi_vector)

输出如下：

single_vector: [0.023803584, 0.019944623, -0.18307257, 0.016884161, 0.013910737, 0.041673694, 0.0119952755, -0.0038184985, -0.0638501, -0.031662196, -0.04351526, 0.025420515, ......]]
multi_vector: [[-0.005196261, 0.01294648, -0.16610104, 0.0030547038, 0.06508742, 0.010399415, -0.03311033, -0.01913366, -0.017523672, -0.054374795, ......]]

参考博客：基于Ollama和LangChain使用embeddings模型进行文档检索

5. 嵌入向量缓存

加载文档，切分文档，将切分文档向量化并存储在缓存中：

首先安装 FAISS 向量数据库：

pip install faiss-cpu

完整代码如下：

from langchain.embeddings import OpenAIEmbeddings, CacheBackedEmbeddings
from langchain.storage import LocalFileStore
from langchain.document_loaders import TextLoader
from langchain.text_splitter import CharacterTextSplitter
from langchain.vectorstores import FAISS

# 定义embedding模型
u_embeddings = OpenAIEmbeddings()
fs = LocalFileStore("./cache/")
cached_embeddings = CacheBackedEmbeddings.from_bytes_store(
    u_embeddings,
    fs,
    namespace=u_embeddings.model
)
list(fs.yield_keys())

# 加载文档，切分文档
raw_documents = TextLoader("letter.txt").load()
text_splitter = CharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=600, chunk_overlap=0)
documents = text_splitter.split_documents(raw_documents)

# 将缓存写入向量数据库中
db = FAISS.from_documents(documents, cached_embeddings)  # 向量化到FAISS向量数据库中

# 查看缓存中的键
list(fs.yield_keys())

6. 向量数据库

在这里插入图片描述
下面简单介绍几种常见的向量数据库：

在这里插入图片描述

7. 实战：ChatDoc 文档检索小助手

ChatDoc 文档检索小助手的功能：

可以加载pdf或者xls格式文档
可以对文档进行适当切分
文档进行向量化
使用Chroma db实现本地向量存储
使用智能检索实现和文档的对话

from langchain_community.document_loaders import Docx2txtLoader, PyPDFLoader, UnstructuredExcelLoader
from langchain.text_splitter import CharacterTextSplitter
from langchain.vectorstores import Chroma
from langchain_ollama import OllamaEmbeddings


class ChatDocAuto(object):
    def __init__(self, file_path):
        self.file_path = file_path
        self.doc = None
        self.split_text = []  # 分割后的文本

    def get_file_content(self):
        loaders = {
            "docx": Docx2txtLoader,
            "pdf": PyPDFLoader,
            "xlsx": UnstructuredExcelLoader
        }

        file_extension = self.file_path.split(".")[-1]
        loader_class = loaders.get(file_extension)

        if loader_class:
            try:
                loader = loader_class(self.file_path)
                text = loader.load()
                return text
            except Exception as e:
                print("Error loading {}".format(file_extension))

        else:
            print("Unsupported file extension {}".format(file_extension))

    # 文档切割函数
    def split_sentence(self):
        full_text = self.get_file_content()
        if full_text is not None:
            text_splitter = CharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=150, chunk_overlap=20)
            texts = text_splitter.split_documents(full_text)
            self.split_text = texts
        # return texts

    # 向量化与存储索引
    def embedding_and_vector(self):
        embeddings = OllamaEmbeddings(model="nomic-embed-text")
        db = Chroma.from_documents(
            documents=self.split_text,
            embedding=embeddings
        )
        return db

    def ask_and_find_files(self, question):
        db = self.embedding_and_vector()
        retriever = db.as_retriever()
        results = retriever.invoke(question)
        return results


if __name__ == "__main__":
    file_path = "./data/paper.pdf"
    chatDocAuto = ChatDocAuto(file_path)

    # 查看文档内容
    content = chatDocAuto.get_file_content()
    # print(content)

    # 对文档进行分割
    chatDocAuto.split_sentence()
    # print(chatDocAuto.split_text)

    # 文档嵌入向量化
    chatDocAuto.embedding_and_vector()

    # 索引并使用自然语言找出相关的文本块
    question = "What is ITRANSFORMER?"
    result = chatDocAuto.ask_and_find_files(question)
    print(result)

[Document(metadata={'author': '', 'creationdate': '2023-12-04T01:26:30+00:00', 'creator': 'LaTeX with hyperref', 'keywords': '', 'moddate': '2024-06-03T09:01:40+08:00', 'page': 8, 'page_label': '9', 'producer': 'pdfTeX-1.40.25', 'ptex.fullbanner': 'This is pdfTeX, Version 3.141592653-2.6-1.40.25 (TeX Live 2023) kpathsea version 6.3.5', 'source': './data/paper.pdf', 'subject': '', 'title': '', 'total_pages': 24, 'trapped': '/False'}, page_content='Analysis of multivariate correlations By assigning the duty of multivariate correlation to the\nattention mechanism, the learned map enjoys enhanced interpretability. We present the case visual-\nization on series from Solar-Energy in Figure 7, which has distinct correlations in the lookback and\nfuture windows. It can be observed that in the shallow attention layer...

可以看到虽然能检索到相关的结果，但是准确性不佳。这时候如果想优化检索结果，可以引入大模型进行多重查询，关键代码如下：

from langchain.retrievers import MultiQueryRetriever

class ChatDocAuto(object):
    ......
    
    def ask_and_find_files_by_llm(self, question):
        db = self.embedding_and_vector()
        # 把问题交给llm进行多角度扩展
        llm = OllamaLLM(model="llama3.1:8b")
        retriever_from_llm = MultiQueryRetriever(
            retriever=db.as_retriever(),
            llm=llm
        )

        results = retriever_from_llm.get_relevant_documents(question)
        return results