背景

在我之前的文章 K8S 生态周报| Google 选择 Cilium 作为 GKE 下一代数据面[1] 一文中,我介绍了 Google 宣布使用 Cilium 作为 GKE 的下一代数据面,及其背后的故事。

Google 选择 Cilium 主要是为了增加 GKE 平台的容器安全性和可观测性。那么,Cilium 到底是什么,为什么会有这么强的吸引力呢?

摘一段官网的介绍:

Cilium is open source software for transparently securing the network connectivity between application services deployed using Linux container management platforms like Docker and Kubernetes.

Cilium 是一个用于透明保护部署在 Linux 容器管理平台(比如 Docker 和 Kubernetes)上的应用服务之间网络连接的开源软件。

为什么着重强调是 “Linux 容器管理平台” 呢?这就不得不提到 Cilium 的实现了。Cilium 的基础是一种称为 eBPF 的 Linux 内核技术,使用 eBPF 可以在 Linux 自身内部动态的插入一些控制逻辑,从而满足可观察性和安全性相关的需求。

只谈概念毕竟过于空洞,本节我们直接上手实践一下 Cilium 。

准备集群

这里我使用 KIND[2] 来创建一套多节点的本地集群。

写配置文件

在创建集群时候,通过配置文件来禁用掉 KIND 默认的 CNI 插件。

kind: Cluster
apiVersion: kind.x-k8s.io/v1alpha4
nodes:
- role: control-plane
- role: worker
- role: worker
- role: worker
networking:
  disableDefaultCNI: true

启动集群

将配置文件命名为 kindconfig ,通过 --config 参数来指定它。通过 --image 参数可指定创建集群所使用的镜像,这里我使用 kindest/node:v1.19.0@sha256:6a6e4d588db3c2873652f382465eeadc2644562a64659a1da4 来创建一个最新的 Kubernetes v1.19.0 版本的集群。

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kind create cluster --config=kindconfig  --image=kindest/node:v1.19.0@sha256:6a6e4d588db3c2873652f382465eeadc2644562a64659a1da4
db73d3beaa8848  
Creating cluster "kind" ...
 ✓ Ensuring node image (kindest/node:v1.19.0) ???? 
 ✓ Preparing nodes ???? ???? ???? ????  
 ✓ Writing configuration ???? 
 ✓ Starting control-plane ????️ 
 ✓ Installing StorageClass ???? 
 ✓ Joining worker nodes ???? 
Set kubectl context to "kind-kind"
You can now use your cluster with:


kubectl cluster-info --context kind-kind


Have a question, bug, or feature request? Let us know! https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/#community ????

查看状态

由于我们已经禁用了 KIND 默认的 CNI ,所以现在集群的 Node 都是 NotReady 的状态,等待 CNI 的初始化。

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl get nodes 
NAME                 STATUS     ROLES    AGE   VERSION
kind-control-plane   NotReady   master   85s   v1.19.0
kind-worker          NotReady   <none>   49s   v1.19.0
kind-worker2         NotReady   <none>   49s   v1.19.0
kind-worker3         NotReady   <none>   49s   v1.19.0

部署 Cilium

部署 Cilium 可以有多种方式,这里我们选择最简单的,直接使用 Helm 3 进行部署。

添加 Helm 仓库

Cilium 提供了官方维护的 Helm 仓库,我们先来添加它。

注意:请使用 Helm 3。在之前的文章 K8S 生态周报| Helm v2 进入维护期倒计时[3] 中,我曾介绍过 Helm v2 的维护期已经进入倒计时,三个月后将停止为 Helm v2 提供安全补丁,届时 Helm v2 的维护期就彻底终止了。

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ helm repo add cilium https://helm.cilium.io/ 
"cilium" has been added to your repositories

预加载镜像

这一步并非必须。只是由于每个在 Node 上都需要下载 cilium/cilium:v1.8.2 的镜像,会很耗时,所以我们可以直接使用 kind load docker-image 将主机 Docker 中的镜像加载到 KIND 创建的集群中。

# 下载镜像
(MoeLove) ➜  ~ docker pull cilium/cilium:v1.8.2 
v1.8.2: Pulling from cilium/cilium
Digest: sha256:9dffe79408025f7523a94a1828ac1691b997a2b1dbd69af338cfbecc8428d326
Status: Image is up to date for cilium/cilium:v1.8.2
docker.io/cilium/cilium:v1.8.2
# 将镜像加载到 KIND 集群中
(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kind load docker-image cilium/cilium:v1.8.2  
Image: "cilium/cilium:v1.8.2" with ID "sha256:009715be68951ab107617f04dc50bcceb3d3f1e0c09db156aacf95e56eb0d5cc" not yet present on node "kind-worker3", loading...
Image: "cilium/cilium:v1.8.2" with ID "sha256:009715be68951ab107617f04dc50bcceb3d3f1e0c09db156aacf95e56eb0d5cc" not yet present on node "kind-control-plane", loading...
Image: "cilium/cilium:v1.8.2" with ID "sha256:009715be68951ab107617f04dc50bcceb3d3f1e0c09db156aacf95e56eb0d5cc" not yet present on node "kind-worker", loading...
Image: "cilium/cilium:v1.8.2" with ID "sha256:009715be68951ab107617f04dc50bcceb3d3f1e0c09db156aacf95e56eb0d5cc" not yet present on node "kind-worker2", loading...

镜像加载完成后,可使用如下命令进行二次确认:

for i in `docker ps --filter label=io.x-k8s.kind.cluster=kind -q`
do
    docker exec $i ctr -n k8s.io -a /run/containerd/containerd.sock i ls |grep cilium
done

使用 Helm 部署 Cilium

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ helm install cilium cilium/cilium --version 1.8.2 \
   --namespace kube-system \
   --set global.nodeinit.enabled=true \
   --set global.kubeProxyReplacement=partial \
   --set global.hostServices.enabled=false \
   --set global.externalIPs.enabled=true \
   --set global.nodePort.enabled=true \
   --set global.hostPort.enabled=true \
   --set global.pullPolicy=IfNotPresent \
   --set config.ipam=kubernetes \
   --set global.hubble.enabled=true \
   --set global.hubble.relay.enabled=true \
   --set global.hubble.ui.enabled=true \
   --set global.hubble.metrics.enabled="{dns,drop,tcp,flow,port-distribution,icmp,http}"
NAME: cilium
LAST DEPLOYED: Wed Sep  2 21:03:23 2020
NAMESPACE: kube-system
STATUS: deployed
REVISION: 1
TEST SUITE: None
NOTES:
You have successfully installed Cilium with Hubble Relay and Hubble UI.


Your release version is 1.8.2.


For any further help, visit https://docs.cilium.io/en/v1.8/gettinghelp

这里对几个配置项做下说明:

  • global.hubble.enabled=true :表示启用 Hubble 。

  • global.hubble.metrics.enabled="{dns,drop,tcp,flow,port-distribution,icmp,http}:表示 Hubble 暴露出的 metrics 中包含哪些内容,如果不指定则表示禁用它。

  • global.hubble.ui.enabled=true :表示启用 Hubble UI

对于 Hubble 是什么,我们稍后再介绍。

当 Cilium 部署完成后,我们可以查看下部署的 ns 下的 Pod 情况:

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl -n kube-system get pods 
NAME                                         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
cilium-86dbc                                 1/1     Running   0          2m11s
cilium-cjcps                                 1/1     Running   0          2m11s
cilium-f8dtm                                 1/1     Running   0          2m11s
cilium-node-init-9r9cm                       1/1     Running   1          2m11s
cilium-node-init-bkg28                       1/1     Running   1          2m11s
cilium-node-init-jgx6r                       1/1     Running   1          2m11s
cilium-node-init-s7xhx                       1/1     Running   1          2m11s
cilium-operator-756cc96896-brlrh             1/1     Running   0          2m11s
cilium-t8kqc                                 1/1     Running   0          2m11s
coredns-f9fd979d6-7vfnq                      1/1     Running   0          6m16s
coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw                      1/1     Running   0          6m16s
etcd-kind-control-plane                      1/1     Running   0          6m19s
hubble-relay-666ddfd69b-2lpsz                1/1     Running   0          2m11s
hubble-ui-7854cf65dc-ncj89                   1/1     Running   0          2m11s
kube-apiserver-kind-control-plane            1/1     Running   0          6m19s
kube-controller-manager-kind-control-plane   1/1     Running   0          6m19s
kube-proxy-48rwk                             1/1     Running   0          6m16s
kube-proxy-8mn58                             1/1     Running   0          5m59s
kube-proxy-jptln                             1/1     Running   0          5m59s
kube-proxy-pp24h                             1/1     Running   0          5m59s
kube-scheduler-kind-control-plane            1/1     Running   0          6m19s

查看 Node 的状态:

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl get nodes 
NAME                 STATUS   ROLES    AGE     VERSION
kind-control-plane   Ready    master   7m1s    v1.19.0
kind-worker          Ready    <none>   6m26s   v1.19.0
kind-worker2         Ready    <none>   6m26s   v1.19.0
kind-worker3         Ready    <none>   6m26s   v1.19.0

Cilium 功能体验

Hubble 介绍

上文中,通过 Helm 部署 Cilium 时,我们指定了一些与 Hubble 有关的参数,但尚未介绍 Hubble 具体是什么。这里简单介绍下。

Hubble 是一个完全分布式的网络和安全性的可观察性平台,它建立在 Cilium 和 eBPF 之上,以完全透明的方式深入了解服务以及网络基础结构的通信和行为。

由于它是构建在 Cilium 之上的,Hubble 可以利用 eBPF 获得可见性。通过使用 eBPF ,所有可见性都是可编程的,并且可以最大程度的减少开销,同时根据用户需要提供深入和详尽的可见性。例如:

  • 了解服务之间的依赖关系。可以观测到服务之间是否有通信,通信频率,以及 HTTP 调用产生的状态码等;

  • 监控网络和告警。可以观测到网络连接是否异常,是 L4 还是 L7 有问题,DNS 查询是否异常等;

  • 监控应用程序。可以观测到 HTTP 4xx/5xx 的错误率,HTTP 请求和响应的 95 值,99值等;

  • 监控安全问题。可以观测到哪些请求是被 Network Policy 所拒绝的,哪些服务解析了特定的域名等;

可观察性

我们可以直接使用 hubble observe 观测当前集群中的连接情况:

(MoeLove) ➜  hubble-ui git:(master) kubectl exec -n kube-system -t ds/cilium -- hubble observe
TIMESTAMP             SOURCE                                      DESTINATION                                TYPE          VERDICT     SUMMARY
Sep  2 07:06:41.624   kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:8181    10.244.1.50:52404                          to-stack      FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK, FIN
Sep  2 07:06:41.625   10.244.1.50:52404                           kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:8181   to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK, FIN
Sep  2 07:06:42.376   10.244.1.12:4240                            10.244.0.76:45164                          to-overlay    FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK
Sep  2 07:06:42.376   10.244.0.76:45164                           10.244.1.12:4240                           to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK
Sep  2 07:06:42.778   10.244.1.50:37512                           10.244.1.12:4240                           to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK, PSH
Sep  2 07:06:42.778   10.244.1.12:4240                            10.244.1.50:37512                          to-stack      FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK, PSH
Sep  2 07:06:44.941   10.244.1.50:59870                           10.244.0.108:4240                          to-overlay    FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK
Sep  2 07:06:44.941   10.244.1.12:4240                            10.244.2.220:47616                         to-overlay    FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: ACK
Sep  2 07:06:44.941   10.244.1.50:52090                           10.244.3.159:4240                          to-overlay    FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: ACK
Sep  2 07:06:44.941   10.244.1.50:52958                           10.244.2.81:4240                           to-overlay    FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: ACK
Sep  2 07:06:44.941   10.244.2.220:47616                          10.244.1.12:4240                           to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: ACK
Sep  2 07:06:45.448   10.244.1.12:4240                            10.244.3.111:54012                         to-overlay    FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: ACK
Sep  2 07:06:45.449   10.244.3.111:54012                          10.244.1.12:4240                           to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: ACK
Sep  2 07:06:47.631   kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:36120   172.18.0.4:6443                            to-stack      FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: ACK
Sep  2 07:06:47.822   10.244.1.50:60914                           kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:8080   to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: SYN
Sep  2 07:06:47.822   kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:8080    10.244.1.50:60914                          to-stack      FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: SYN, ACK
Sep  2 07:06:47.822   10.244.1.50:60914                           kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:8080   to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: ACK
Sep  2 07:06:47.823   kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:8080    10.244.1.50:60914                          to-stack      FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: ACK, PSH
Sep  2 07:06:47.823   kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:8080    10.244.1.50:60914                          to-stack      FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: ACK, FIN
Sep  2 07:06:47.823   10.244.1.50:60914                           kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:8080   to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Fla
gs: ACK, PSH

可以看到内容很详细,包括通信的两端,以及发的包是 ACK 还是 SYN 等信息均可观测到。

部署测试应用

这里我们部署一个测试应用来实际体验下 Cilium 提供的强大功能。官方仓库中提供了一个 connectivity-check[4] 的测试用例,这里我对它做了精简和修改,以便理解。

这里定义的内容如下:

  • 1 个名为 echo-a 的 svc ,用于暴露 echo-a 这个测试服务;

  • 4 个 deploy ,分别是 1 个测试服务,以及三个用于测试与 echo-a 联通性的 deploy;

  • 2 个 CiliumNetworkPolicy,用来控制是否允许与 echo-a 联通;

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: echo-a
spec:
  type: ClusterIP
  ports:
  - port: 80
  selector:
    name: echo-a
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: echo-a
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: echo-a
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: echo-a
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: echo-container
        image: docker.io/cilium/json-mock:1.0
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        readinessProbe:
          exec:
            command: ["curl", "-sS", "--fail", "-o", "/dev/null", "localhost"]
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: pod-to-a-allowed-cnp
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: pod-to-a-allowed-cnp
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: pod-to-a-allowed-cnp
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-container
        image: docker.io/byrnedo/alpine-curl:0.1.8
        command: ["/bin/ash", "-c", "sleep 1000000000"]
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        livenessProbe:
          exec:
            command: ["curl", "-sS", "--fail", "-o", "/dev/null", "echo-a"]
        readinessProbe:
          exec:
            command: ["curl", "-sS", "--fail", "-o", "/dev/null", "echo-a"]
---
apiVersion: "cilium.io/v2"
kind: CiliumNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: "pod-to-a-allowed-cnp"
spec:
  endpointSelector:
    matchLabels:
      name: pod-to-a-allowed-cnp
  egress:
  - toEndpoints:
    - matchLabels:
        name: echo-a
    toPorts:
    - ports:
      - port: "80"
        protocol: TCP
  - toEndpoints:
    - matchLabels:
        k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace: kube-system
        k8s:k8s-app: kube-dns
    toPorts:
    - ports:
      - port: "53"
        protocol: UDP
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp-container
        image: docker.io/byrnedo/alpine-curl:0.1.8
        command: ["/bin/ash", "-c", "sleep 1000000000"]
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        livenessProbe:
          timeoutSeconds: 7
          exec:
            command: ["ash", "-c", "! curl -sS --fail --connect-timeout 5 -o /dev/null echo-a"]
        readinessProbe:
          timeoutSeconds: 7
          exec:
            command: ["ash", "-c", "! curl -sS --fail --connect-timeout 5 -o /dev/null echo-a"]
---
apiVersion: "cilium.io/v2"
kind: CiliumNetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: "pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp"
spec:
  endpointSelector:
    matchLabels:
      name: pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp
  egress:
  - toEndpoints:
    - matchLabels:
        k8s:io.kubernetes.pod.namespace: kube-system
        k8s:k8s-app: kube-dns
    toPorts:
    - ports:
      - port: "53"
        protocol: UDP
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: pod-to-a
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      name: pod-to-a
  replicas: 1
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        name: pod-to-a
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: pod-to-a-container
        image: docker.io/byrnedo/alpine-curl:0.1.8
        command: ["/bin/ash", "-c", "sleep 1000000000"]
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        livenessProbe:
          exec:
            command: ["curl", "-sS", "--fail", "-o", "/dev/null", "echo-a"]


直接部署即可:

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl apply -f cilium-demo.yaml 
service/echo-a created
deployment.apps/echo-a created
deployment.apps/pod-to-a-allowed-cnp created
ciliumnetworkpolicy.cilium.io/pod-to-a-allowed-cnp created
deployment.apps/pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp created
ciliumnetworkpolicy.cilium.io/pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp created
deployment.apps/pod-to-a created

查看 Pod 状态,看看状态是否正常:

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl get pods 
NAME                                      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
echo-a-8b6595b89-w9kt2                    1/1     Running   0          49s
pod-to-a-5567c85856-xsg5b                 1/1     Running   0          49s
pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-7b85c8db8-jrjhx      1/1     Running   0          49s
pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp-7f64d7b7c4-fsxrm   1/1     Running   0          49s

命令行观测

接下来,使用 hubble observe 观察下效果,已经可以看到我们部署的应用产生的连接了。

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl exec -n kube-system -t ds/cilium -- hubble observe  
TIMESTAMP             SOURCE                                               DESTINATION                                             TYPE          VERDICT     SUMMARY
Sep  3 00:00:13.481   default/pod-to-a-5567c85856-xsg5b:60784              default/echo-a-8b6595b89-w9kt2:80                       to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK, PSH
Sep  3 00:00:15.429   kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:53               default/pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-7b85c8db8-jrjhx:43696      to-endpoint   FORWARDED   UDP
Sep  3 00:00:16.010   10.244.1.12:4240                                     10.244.2.220:50830                                      to-overlay    FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK
Sep  3 00:00:16.010   10.244.1.12:4240                                     10.244.1.50:40402                                       to-stack      FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK
Sep  3 00:00:16.010   10.244.1.50:40402                                    10.244.1.12:4240                                        to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK
Sep  3 00:00:16.011   10.244.2.220:50830                                   10.244.1.12:4240                                        to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK
Sep  3 00:00:16.523   10.244.1.12:4240                                     10.244.3.111:57242                                      to-overlay    FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK
Sep  3 00:00:16.523   10.244.3.111:57242                                   10.244.1.12:4240                                        to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK
Sep  3 00:00:21.376   kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:53               default/pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp-7f64d7b7c4-fsxrm:44785   to-overlay    FORWARDED   UDP
Sep  3 00:00:21.377   kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:53               default/pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp-7f64d7b7c4-fsxrm:44785   to-overlay    FORWARDED   UDP
Sep  3 00:00:23.896   kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:36120            172.18.0.4:6443                                         to-stack      FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK
Sep  3 00:00:25.428   default/pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-7b85c8db8-jrjhx:55678   default/echo-a-8b6595b89-w9kt2:80                       L3-L4         FORWARDED   TCP Flags: SYN
Sep  3 00:00:25.428   default/pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-7b85c8db8-jrjhx:55678   default/echo-a-8b6595b89-w9kt2:80                       to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: SYN
Sep  3 00:00:25.428   default/echo-a-8b6595b89-w9kt2:80                    default/pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-7b85c8db8-jrjhx:55678      to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: SYN, ACK
Sep  3 00:00:25.428   default/pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-7b85c8db8-jrjhx:55678   default/echo-a-8b6595b89-w9kt2:80                       to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK
Sep  3 00:00:25.428   default/pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-7b85c8db8-jrjhx:55678   default/echo-a-8b6595b89-w9kt2:80                       to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK, PSH
Sep  3 00:00:25.429   default/pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-7b85c8db8-jrjhx:55678   default/echo-a-8b6595b89-w9kt2:80                       to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK, FIN
Sep  3 00:00:29.546   10.244.1.50:57770                                    kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:8080                to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: SYN
Sep  3 00:00:29.546   kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:8080             10.244.1.50:57770                                       to-stack      FORWARDED   TCP Flags: SYN, ACK
Sep  3 00:00:29.546   10.244.1.50:57770                                    kube-system/coredns-f9fd979d6-h7rfw:8080                to-endpoint   FORWARDED   TCP Flags: ACK

Hubble UI 观测

还记得我们在上文中部署 Cilium 时候配置的几个关于 Hubble 的参数么,现在我们可以使用 Hubble UI 来看看效果。

先检查下 kube-system ns 下,是否有 hubble-ui 这个 svc 。

(MoeLove) ➜  kubectl -n kube-system get svc                                                                            
NAME             TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)                  AGE
hubble-metrics   ClusterIP   None           <none>        9091/TCP                 4m31s
hubble-relay     ClusterIP   10.102.90.19   <none>        80/TCP                   4m31s
hubble-ui        ClusterIP   10.96.69.234   <none>        80/TCP                   4m31s
kube-dns         ClusterIP   10.96.0.10     <none>        53/UDP,53/TCP,9153/TCP   8m51s

直接使用 kubectl port-forward ,从本地来访问 Hubble UI 。

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl -n kube-system port-forward svc/hubble-ui 12000:80
Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:12000 -> 12000
Forwarding from [::1]:12000 -> 12000

浏览器中打开 http://127.0.0.1:12000 即可。

Hubble UI - https:/moelove.info

可以看到我们刚才部署的所有 Pod,以及查看到相应的 CiliumNetworkPolicy 等信息,这里就不赘述了,有兴趣的小伙伴可以自行探索下。

Hubble metrics 观测

我们也可以使用 Hubble 暴露出来的 metrics 进行观测:

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl port-forward -n kube-system  ds/cilium 19091:9091
Forwarding from 127.0.0.1:19091 -> 9091
Forwarding from [::1]:19091 -> 9091

简单看下其中的内容,包含各类请求/响应/丢弃等相关的统计信息,还有包括每个目标端口包的数量统计等。感兴趣的小伙伴可以自行探索下。

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ curl -s localhost:19091/metrics | head -n 22             
# HELP hubble_dns_queries_total Number of DNS queries observed
# TYPE hubble_dns_queries_total counter
hubble_dns_queries_total{ips_returned="0",qtypes="A",rcode=""} 1165
hubble_dns_queries_total{ips_returned="0",qtypes="AAAA",rcode=""} 1165
# HELP hubble_dns_response_types_total Number of DNS queries observed
# TYPE hubble_dns_response_types_total counter
hubble_dns_response_types_total{qtypes="A",type="A"} 233
hubble_dns_response_types_total{qtypes="AAAA",type="AAAA"} 233
# HELP hubble_dns_responses_total Number of DNS queries observed
# TYPE hubble_dns_responses_total counter
hubble_dns_responses_total{ips_returned="0",qtypes="A",rcode="Non-Existent Domain"} 932
hubble_dns_responses_total{ips_returned="0",qtypes="AAAA",rcode="Non-Existent Domain"} 932
hubble_dns_responses_total{ips_returned="1",qtypes="A",rcode="No Error"} 233
hubble_dns_responses_total{ips_returned="1",qtypes="AAAA",rcode="No Error"} 233
# HELP hubble_drop_total Number of drops
# TYPE hubble_drop_total counter
hubble_drop_total{protocol="ICMPv4",reason="Policy denied"} 459
hubble_drop_total{protocol="ICMPv4",reason="Unsupported protocol for NAT masquerade"} 731
hubble_drop_total{protocol="ICMPv6",reason="Unsupported L3 protocol"} 213
hubble_drop_total{protocol="TCP",reason="Policy denied"} 1425
hubble_drop_total{protocol="UDP",reason="Stale or unroutable IP"} 6
hubble_drop_total{protocol="Unknown flow",reason="Policy denied"} 1884

验证 CiliumNetworkPolicy 的效果

说了这么多,我们来验证下刚才部署的 CiliumNetworkPolicy 的实际效果吧。

以下是刚才部署的测试 Pod, 我们通过这些 Pod 来访问 echo-a 这个 svc 。

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl get pods 
NAME                                      READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
echo-a-8b6595b89-w9kt2                    1/1     Running   0          79m
pod-to-a-5567c85856-xsg5b                 1/1     Running   0          79m
pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-7b85c8db8-jrjhx      1/1     Running   0          79m
pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp-7f64d7b7c4-fsxrm   1/1     Running   0          79m
  • pod-to-a 这是未配置任何 CiliumNetworkPolicy 规则的 Pod

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl exec pod-to-a-5567c85856-xsg5b --  curl -sI --connect-timeout 5 echo-a
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Powered-By: Express
Vary: Origin, Accept-Encoding
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Cache-Control: public, max-age=0
Last-Modified: Sat, 26 Oct 1985 08:15:00 GMT
ETag: W/"83d-7438674ba0"
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 2109
Date: Thu, 03 Sep 2020 00:54:05 GMT
Connection: keep-alive


  • pod-to-a-allowed-cnp 配置了允许通过 TCP 访问 echo-a

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl exec pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-7b85c8db8-jrjhx --  curl -sI --connect-timeout 5 echo-a
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
X-Powered-By: Express
Vary: Origin, Accept-Encoding
Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true
Accept-Ranges: bytes
Cache-Control: public, max-age=0
Last-Modified: Sat, 26 Oct 1985 08:15:00 GMT
ETag: W/"83d-7438674ba0"
Content-Type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 2109
Date: Thu, 03 Sep 2020 01:10:27 GMT
Connection: keep-alive


  • pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp 则是只配置了允许访问 DNS,而未配置允许对 echo-a 的访问

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl exec pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp-7f64d7b7c4-fsxrm --  curl -sI --connect-timeout 5 echo-a
command terminated with exit code 28

可以看到,如果对 Pod 应用了 CiliumNetworkPolicy , 但是未配置对应的允许规则的话,则代表不允许访问。

比如,我们可以使用上面两个配置了 CiliumNetworkPolicy 的 Pod 来访问下公网域名:

(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl exec pod-to-a-allowed-cnp-7b85c8db8-jrjhx --  curl -sI --connect-timeout 5 moelove.info
command terminated with exit code 28
(MoeLove) ➜  ~ kubectl exec pod-to-a-l3-denied-cnp-7f64d7b7c4-fsxrm --  curl -sI --connect-timeout 5 moelove.info
command terminated with exit code 28

可以看到,均不能正常访问。

总结

本节,主要介绍了 Cilium 和 Hubble 等。

通过使用 KIND 创建的 Kubernetes 集群,部署了 Cilium 及其相关组件,并通过一个实例,来展示了通过 hubble observe,Hubble UI 及 Hubble metrics 等方式进行观测。

也通过实际操作,验证了 CiliumNetworkPolicy 的实际效果。

我主要是在为 Docker 写代码的过程中,会涉及到 LSMseccomp 等部分,所以顺便去研究了 eBPF 及其相关技术(后续再分享这部分内容)。

而 Cilium 则是我在 2019 年上半年开始学习和研究的,但正如我在去年的文章 《K8S 生态周报| cilium 1.6 发布 100% kube-proxy 的替代品[5] 中写的那样:

这里稍微说几句我关于 Cilium 的看法:

  • 厉不厉害?厉害。

  • 值不值得研究?值得。

  • 会不会放到自己的集群替代 kube-proxy ?不会,最起码目前不会。

如果你想要通过 cilium 研究 eBPF 或者 XDP 我倒是建议你可以看看,是个很不错的项目,而且通过这个项目能加深很多网络方面的认识。这么说吧,如果把 cilium 的源码及所涉及原理都研究通透了,那就很厉害了。

至于要不要替换 kube-proxy 在我看来,最起码目前我不会这样去做。解决问题的办法有很多种,而替换掉一个核心组件,却不一定是一个最值得的选择。

Cilium 是一个值得学习和研究的项目/技术,但我目前尚未将它放到生产环境中(这也是我少数花费很多精力研究,但未应用于生产的技术之一)。

但现在看来, Cilium 也有了一定的市场/发展,是时候重新考量下了。后续我会继续分享 Cilium 及 eBPF 相关的技术文章,欢迎关注。


欢迎订阅我的文章公众号【MoeLove】

参考资料

[1]

Google 选择 Cilium 作为 GKE 下一代数据面: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/195759300

[2]

Kubernetes IN Docker: https://kind.sigs.k8s.io/

[3]

Helm v2 进入维护期倒计时: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/186265631

[4]

connectivity-check: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cilium/cilium/HEAD/examples/kubernetes/connectivity-check/connectivity-check.yaml

[5]

K8S 生态周报| cilium 1.6 发布 100% kube-proxy 的替代品: https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/79757835

Logo

K8S/Kubernetes社区为您提供最前沿的新闻资讯和知识内容

更多推荐