目录

一、实验

1.环境

2.Termius连接云主机

3.网络连通性与安全机制

4.云主机部署docker

5.云主机配置linux内核路由转发与网桥过滤

6.云主机部署cri-dockerd

7.云主机部署kubelet,kubeadm,kubectl

8.kubernetes集群初始化

9.容器网络（CNI）部署

10.证书管理

二、问题

1.云主机如何部署阿里云CLI

2.ECS实例如何内网通信

3. cri-dockerd 安装失败

4.kubelet kubeadm kubectl 安装报错

5.K8S 初始化报错

---

一、实验

1.环境

（1）主机

表1 云主机

主机	系统	架构	版本	IP	备注
master	CentOS Stream9	K8S master节点	1.30.1	172.17.59.254(私有) 8.219.188.219(公)
node	CentOS Stream9	K8S node节点	1.30.1	172.17.1.22(私有) 8.219.58.157(公)

（2）查看轻量应用服务器

阿里云查看

2.Termius连接云主机

（1）连接

master

node

(2) 查看系统

cat /etc/os-release

master

node

3.网络连通性与安全机制

（1）查阅

https://www.alibabacloud.com/help/zh/simple-application-server/product-overview/regions-and-network-connectivity#:~:text=%E5%86%85%E7%BD%91%20%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E8%B4%A6%E5%8F%B7%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%8B%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%8F%B0%E8%BD%BB%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B%E9%BB%98%E8%AE%A4%E5%A4%84%E4%BA%8E%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AAVPC%E5%86%85%E7%BD%91%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%EF%BC%8C%E5%A4%9A%E5%AE%9E%E4%BE%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E5%86%85%E7%BD%91%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%EF%BC%8C%E4%BD%86%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81%E7%9A%84%E5%86%85%E7%BD%91%E9%BB%98%E8%AE%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%B8%8D%E7%9B%B8%E9%80%9A%E3%80%82,%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E5%86%85%E7%9A%84%E8%BD%BB%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E5%86%85%E7%BD%91%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%8D%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%E3%80%82%20%E5%A6%82%E6%9E%9C%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E8%BD%BB%E9%87%8F%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8%E4%B8%8E%E4%BA%91%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1%E5%99%A8ECS%E3%80%81%E4%BA%91%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%BA%93%E7%AD%89%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E5%A4%84%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%93%E6%9C%89%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9CVPC%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%91%E4%BA%A7%E5%93%81%E5%86%85%E7%BD%91%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%EF%BC%8C%E6%82%A8%E5%8F%AF%E4%BB%A5%E9%80%9A%E8%BF%87%E8%AE%BE%E7%BD%AE%E5%86%85%E7%BD%91%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E4%BA%92%E9%80%9A%E3%80%82

（2）ping测试

master 连接 node

 ping 172.17.59.254

(3) 关闭防火墙

systemctl stop firewalld.service
systemctl disable firewalld.service

master

node

(4) 关闭交换分区

sudo swapoff -a
free -h

master

node

(5) 关闭安全机制

vim  /etc/selinux/config
SELINUX=disabled

master

node

4.云主机部署docker

(1) master部署docker

获取官方源

wget -P /etc/yum.repos.d/ https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

安装

yum install -y docker-ce

配置国内镜像仓库

vim /etc/docker/daemon.json

XXXXXXXX为个人的阿里云镜像加速

{
 "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"], 
 "registry-mirrors": ["https://XXXXXXXX.mirror.aliyuncs.com","http://hub-mirror.c.163.com","https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn"]
}

启动docker

systemctl start docker

查看

docker info

（2）node部署docker

 获取官方源

wget -P /etc/yum.repos.d/ https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo

安装

yum install -y docker-ce

配置国内镜像仓库

vim /etc/docker/daemon.json

XXXXXXXX为个人的阿里云镜像加速

{
 "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"], 
 "registry-mirrors": ["https://XXXXXXXX.mirror.aliyuncs.com","http://hub-mirror.c.163.com","https://docker.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn"]
}

启动docker

systemctl start docker

 

查看

docker info

5.云主机配置linux内核路由转发与网桥过滤

(1)修改配置文件并加载

master

vim /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf

#加载
modprobe  br_netfilter
#查看
lsmod |grep  br_netfilter
#配置加载
sysctl -p

node

vim /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf

#加载
modprobe  br_netfilter
#查看
lsmod |grep  br_netfilter
#配置加载
sysctl -p

(2)安装配置ipset,ipvsadm

yum install ipset ipvsadm

master

node

6.云主机部署cri-dockerd

（1）查阅

https://github.com/Mirantis/cri-dockerd/releases

最新版为v0.3.14

（2）下载

wget https://github.com/Mirantis/cri-dockerd/releases/download/v0.3.14/cri-dockerd-0.3.14-3.el8.x86_64.rpm

master

node

（3）依赖环境安装

master

#下载依赖环境
wget http://mirror.centos.org/centos/8-stream/BaseOS/x86_64/os/Packages/libcgroup-0.41-19.el8.x86_64.rpm

#安装
rpm  -ivh  libcgroup-0.41-19.el8.x86_64.rpm

node

（4）部署cri-dockerd

master

rpm  -ivh  cri-dockerd-0.3.14-3.el8.x86_64.rpm

(5) 启动

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable cri-docker
systemctl start cri-docker
systemctl status cri-docker

master

node

7.云主机部署kubelet,kubeadm,kubectl

(1) 查阅

https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes-new/core/stable/v1.30/rpm/repodata/?spm=a2c6h.25603864.0.0.2d32281ci7ZyIM

（2）创建源文件

vim /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo

#成阿里云的源
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes-new/core/stable/v1.30/rpm/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes-new/core/stable/v1.30/rpm/repodata/repomd.xml.key

master

node

(3)更新源

yum clean all && yum makecache

master

node

(3)安装

yum install kubelet kubeadm kubectl

master

node

（4）查看版本

kubectl version
kubeadm version
kubelet --version

master

node

（5）修改配置文件

vim /etc/sysconfig/kubelet

#修改
KUBELET_EXTRA_ARGS="--cgroup-driver=systemd"

master

node

（6）启动

systemctl enable kubelet
systemctl start kubelet

master

node

(5)master下载K8S依赖的镜像

#阿里云下载
docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver:v1.30.1
docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager:v1.30.1
docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler:v1.30.1
docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy:v1.30.1
docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns:v1.11.1
docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause:3.9
docker pull registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd:3.5.12-0

(5) 查看镜像

master

[root@iZt4nczjliu7lp3kun6m9jZ ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY                                                        TAG        IMAGE ID       CREATED         SIZE
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-apiserver            v1.30.1    91be94080317   12 days ago     117MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-scheduler            v1.30.1    a52dc94f0a91   12 days ago     62MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-controller-manager   v1.30.1    25a1387cdab8   12 days ago     111MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/kube-proxy                v1.30.1    747097150317   12 days ago     84.7MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/etcd                      3.5.12-0   3861cfcd7c04   3 months ago    149MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/coredns                   v1.11.1    cbb01a7bd410   9 months ago    59.8MB
registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/pause                     3.9        e6f181688397   19 months ago   744kB

(7)master镜像重新打标签

#配置默认tag
docker tag 91be94080317 registry.k8s.io/kube-apiserver:v1.30.1
docker tag cbb01a7bd410 registry.k8s.io/coredns/coredns:v1.11.1
docker tag e6f181688397  registry.k8s.io/pause:3.9
docker tag 3861cfcd7c04  registry.k8s.io/etcd:3.5.12-0
docker tag 747097150317  registry.k8s.io/kube-proxy:v1.30.1
docker tag 25a1387cdab8  registry.k8s.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.30.1
docker tag a52dc94f0a91  registry.k8s.io/kube-scheduler:v1.30.1

(8) master再次查看镜像

docker images

8.kubernetes集群初始化

(1) 安装iproute

yum install iproute-tc

(2)master初始化 （如报错可以参考后续的问题集）

kubeadm init --kubernetes-version=v1.30.1 --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 --apiserver-advertise-address=172.17.59.254  --cri-socket unix:///var/run/cri-dockerd.sock --ignore-preflight-errors=Mem

完成初始化记录如下：

[root@iZt4nczjliu7lp3kun6m9jZ ~]# kubeadm init --kubernetes-version=v1.30.1 --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 --apiserver-advertise-address=172.17.59.254  --cri-socket unix:///var/run/cri-dockerd.sock --ignore-preflight-errors=Mem
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.30.1
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
        [WARNING Mem]: the system RAM (1689 MB) is less than the minimum 1700 MB
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [izt4nczjliu7lp3kun6m9jz kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 172.17.59.254]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [izt4nczjliu7lp3kun6m9jz localhost] and IPs [172.17.59.254 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [izt4nczjliu7lp3kun6m9jz localhost] and IPs [172.17.59.254 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "super-admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[kubelet-check] Waiting for a healthy kubelet. This can take up to 4m0s
[kubelet-check] The kubelet is healthy after 503.8172ms
[api-check] Waiting for a healthy API server. This can take up to 4m0s
[api-check] The API server is healthy after 8.001714086s
[upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
[upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --upload-certs
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node izt4nczjliu7lp3kun6m9jz as control-plane by adding the labels: [node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers]
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node izt4nczjliu7lp3kun6m9jz as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: m926rd.ejaz92v7hhmgt7p0
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to get nodes
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstrap-token] Configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstrap-token] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[kubelet-finalize] Updating "/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf" to point to a rotatable kubelet client certificate and key
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:

  export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join 172.17.59.254:6443 --token m926rd.ejaz92v7hhmgt7p0 \
        --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:e108c1809c7e4e0316ff25407d06fed0f60241dc3767524672977d9042312c92 

（3）创建配置目录

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

（4）生成token

#默认初始化生成token有效期是24小时，所以用自己的生成不过期的token，node节点加入需要用到
kubeadm token create --ttl 0  --print-join-command

(5) node节点加入

1）添加节点需要指定cri-dockerd接口–cri-socket ，这里是使用cri-dockerd
kubeadm join 172.17.59.254:6443 --token 9jvebb.vtuw3utmxfkhrpwf --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:e108c1809c7e4e0316ff25407d06fed0f60241dc3767524672977d9042312c92 --cri-socket=unix:///var/run/cri-dockerd.sock

2）如果是containerd则使用–cri-socket unix:///run/containerd/containerd.sock

（6）K8S master节点查看集群

1）查看node
kubectl get node
 
2)查看node详细信息
kubectl get node -o wide

状态为NotReady，因为网络插件没有安装。

9.容器网络（CNI）部署

（1）下载Calico配置文件

https://github.com/projectcalico/calico/blob/v3.27.3/manifests/calico.yaml

（2）修改里面定义Pod网络（CALICO_IPV4POOL_CIDR）

vim calico.yaml

①  修改前：

②修改后：

与前面kubeadm init的 --pod-network-cidr指定的一样

（3）部署

kubectl apply -f calico.yaml

（4）查看

kubectl get pods -n kube-system

(5) 查看pod（状态已变更为Ready）

kubectl get node

10.证书管理

（1）查看

openssl x509 -in /etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver.crt -noout -text | grep Not

kubeadm certs check-expiration

（2）查阅工具

https://github.com/yuyicai/update-kube-cert

（3）下载

wget https://github.com/yuyicai/update-kube-cert/archive/refs/tags/v1.1.0.tar.gz

(4) 解压

tar zxvf v1.1.0.tar.gz 

（5）执行（延长证书使用时间）

cd update-kube-cert-1.1.0/
./update-kubeadm-cert.sh all

（6）再次查看

openssl x509 -in /etc/kubernetes/pki/apiserver.crt -noout -text | grep Not

kubeadm certs check-expiration

（7）最后查看pod

kubectl get pod -o wide

(8)查看内存使用情况

master

node

二、问题

1.云主机如何部署阿里云CLI

（1）查阅

https://help.aliyun.com/zh/cli/install-cli-on-linux?spm=0.0.0.i2#task-592837

最新版为v3.0.207

下载

1）官网
https://aliyuncli.alicdn.com/aliyun-cli-linux-latest-amd64.tgz

2） GitHub
https://github.com/aliyun/aliyun-cli/releases

（2）master部署阿里云CLI

创建目录

mkdir -p $HOME/aliyun
cd  $HOME/aliyun

下载

wget https://github.com/aliyun/aliyun-cli/releases/download/v3.0.207/aliyun-cli-linux-3.0.207-amd64.tgz

解压

 tar xzvf aliyun-cli-linux-3.0.207-amd64.tgz 

将aliyun程序复制到/usr/local/bin目录中

sudo cp aliyun /usr/local/bin

（3）node部署阿里云CLI

 创建目录

mkdir -p $HOME/aliyun
cd  $HOME/aliyun

下载

wget https://github.com/aliyun/aliyun-cli/releases/download/v3.0.207/aliyun-cli-linux-3.0.207-amd64.tgz

解压

 tar xzvf aliyun-cli-linux-3.0.207-amd64.tgz 

将aliyun程序复制到/usr/local/bin目录中

sudo cp aliyun /usr/local/bin

2.ECS实例如何内网通信

（1）查阅

https://help.aliyun.com/zh/ecs/authorize-internal-network-communication-between-ecs-instances-in-different-accounts-by-using-the-api

（2）策略

通过CLI调用API增加入方向安全组规则实现实例内网通信。

3. cri-dockerd 安装失败

（1）报错

（2）原因分析

缺少依赖。

（3）解决方法

查阅

https://centos.pkgs.org/8-stream/centos-baseos-x86_64/libcgroup-0.41-19.el8.x86_64.rpm.html

下载依赖

wget https://github.com/Mirantis/cri-dockerd/releases/download/v0.3.14/cri-dockerd-0.3.14-3.el8.x86_64.rpm

安装依赖

rpm  -ivh  libcgroup-0.41-19.el8.x86_64.rpm

成功安装cri-dockerd：

4.kubelet kubeadm kubectl 安装报错

(1) 报错

（2）原因分析

repo源中的 gpgkey地址错误。

（3）解决方法

修改配置文件

更新源

yum clean all && yum makecache

成功：

5.K8S 初始化报错

（1）报错

（2）原因分析

cpu cgroups由于某些原因被禁用了,需要手动启用它。

（3）解决方法

1）修改 GRUB 配置
如果发现 CPU cgroups 没有启用，你可以通过编辑 GRUB 的启动参数来启用它。执行以下命令来编辑 GRUB 配置文件：
sudo vim /etc/default/grub

在文件中找到 GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX 这一行，确保包含以下参数：
cgroup_enable=cpu

2)更新
sudo grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

3）重启
reboot

停止中：

运行

、

继续报错

卸载cri-docker

rpm -qa | grep -i cri-docker
rpm -e cri-dockerd-0.3.14-3.el8.x86_64

下载并重新安装（master与node节点都要操作）

1）下载安装最新版的cri-dockerd
wget https://github.com/Mirantis/cri-dockerd/releases/download/v0.3.14/cri-dockerd-0.3.14.amd64.tgz
tar xf cri-dockerd-0.3.14.amd64.tgz 
mv cri-dockerd/cri-dockerd  /usr/bin/
rm -rf  cri-dockerd  cri-dockerd-0.3.8.amd64.tgz
 
2）配置启动项
cat > /etc/systemd/system/cri-docker.service<<EOF
[Unit]
Description=CRI Interface for Docker Application Container Engine
Documentation=https://docs.mirantis.com
After=network-online.target firewalld.service docker.service
Wants=network-online.target
Requires=cri-docker.socket
[Service]
Type=notify
# ExecStart=/usr/bin/cri-dockerd --container-runtime-endpoint fd://
# 指定用作 Pod 的基础容器的容器镜像（“pause 镜像”）
ExecStart=/usr/bin/cri-dockerd --pod-infra-container-image=registry.k8s.io/pause:3.9 --container-runtime-endpoint fd:// 
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
TimeoutSec=0
RestartSec=2
Restart=always
StartLimitBurst=3
StartLimitInterval=60s
LimitNOFILE=infinity
LimitNPROC=infinity
LimitCORE=infinity
TasksMax=infinity
Delegate=yes
KillMode=process
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target
EOF
 
cat > /etc/systemd/system/cri-docker.socket <<EOF
[Unit]
Description=CRI Docker Socket for the API
PartOf=cri-docker.service
[Socket]
ListenStream=%t/cri-dockerd.sock
SocketMode=0660
SocketUser=root
SocketGroup=docker
[Install]
WantedBy=sockets.target
EOF
 
3）重新加载并设置自启动
systemctl daemon-reload 
systemctl enable cri-docker && systemctl start cri-docker && systemctl status cri-docker

目前还有1个报错

忽略Mem

kubeadm init --kubernetes-version=v1.30.1 --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 --apiserver-advertise-address=172.17.59.254  --cri-socket unix:///var/run/cri-dockerd.sock --ignore-preflight-errors=Mem

成功：