kubernetes持久化存储卷
介绍了k8s存储卷以及使用
一、存储卷介绍
pod有生命周期,生命周期结束后pod里默认创建的临时存储卷的数据会消失(如配置文件,业务数据等)。
解决: 我们需要将数据与pod分离,将数据放在专门的存储卷上
pod在k8s集群的节点中是可以调度的, 如果pod挂了被调度到另一个节点,那么数据和pod的联系会中断。
解决: 所以我们需要与集群节点分离的存储系统才能实现数据持久化
简单来说: volume提供了在容器上挂载外部存储的能力
二、存储卷的分类
kubernetes支持的存储卷类型非常丰富,使用下面的命令查看:
# kubectl explain pod.spec.volumes
或者参考: Storage | Kubernetes
我们可以对存储卷列表进行简单的分类:
-
本地存储卷
-
emptyDir pod删除,数据也会被清除, 用于数据的临时存储
-
hostPath 宿主机目录映射(本地存储卷)
-
-
网络存储卷
-
NAS类 nfs等
-
SAN类 iscsi,FC等
-
分布式存储 glusterfs,cephfs,rbd,cinder等
-
云存储 aws,azurefile等
-
三、存储卷的选择
市面上的存储产品种类繁多, 但按应用角度主要分为三类:
-
文件存储 如:nfs,glusterfs,cephfs等
-
优点: 数据共享(多pod挂载可以同读同写)
-
缺点: 性能较差
-
-
块存储 如: iscsi,rbd等
-
优点: 性能相对于文件存储好
-
缺点: 不能实现数据共享(部分)
-
-
对象存储 如: ceph对象存储
-
优点: 性能好, 数据共享
-
缺点: 使用方式特殊,支持较少
-
四、本地存储卷之emptyDir
-
应用场景
实现pod内容器之间数据共享(例如Pod内有2个容器,一个写到emptyDir,另一个从里面读)
-
特点
随着pod被删除,该卷也会被删除
1.创建yaml文件
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# vim volume-emptydir.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: volume-emptydir
spec:
containers:
- name: write
image: centos
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
command: ["bash","-c","echo haha > /data/1.txt ; sleep 6000"]
volumeMounts: #注意这里,挂载卷,卷名是下面创建的卷
- name: data
mountPath: /data
- name: read
image: centos
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
command: ["bash","-c","cat /data/1.txt; sleep 6000"]
volumeMounts: #注意这里,挂载卷,卷名是下面创建的卷
- name: data
mountPath: /data
volumes: #注意这里
- name: data
emptyDir: {}
五、本地存储卷之hostPath
-
应用场景
pod内与集群节点目录映射(pod中容器想访问节点上数据,例如监控,只有监控访问到节点主机文件才能知道集群节点主机状态)
-
缺点
如果集群节点挂掉,控制器在另一个集群节点拉起容器,数据就会变成另一台集群节点主机的了(无法实现数据共享)
1.创建yaml文件
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# vim volume-hostpath.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: volume-hostpath
spec:
containers:
- name: busybox
image: busybox
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
command: ["/bin/sh","-c","echo haha > /data/1.txt ; sleep 600"]
volumeMounts:
- name: data
mountPath: /data
volumes:
- name: data
hostPath:
path: /opt
type: Directory
六、网络存储卷之nfs
1.搭建nfs服务器
[root@nfsserver ~]# mkdir -p /data/nfs
[root@nfsserver ~]# vim /etc/exports
/data/nfs *(rw,no_root_squash,sync)
[root@nfsserver ~]# systemctl restart nfs-server
[root@nfsserver ~]# systemctl enable nfs-server
2.所有node节点安装nfs客户端相关软件包
[root@k8s-worker1 ~]# yum install nfs-utils -y
[root@k8s-worker2 ~]# yum install nfs-utils -y
3.验证nfs可用性
[root@k8s-worker1 ~]#showmount -e 192.168.10.20
Export list for 192.168.10.20:
/data/nfs *
4.master节点上创建并apply yaml文件
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# vim volume-nfs.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: volume-nfs
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.15-alpine
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
volumeMounts:
- name: documentroot
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
ports:
- containerPort: 80
volumes:
- name: documentroot
nfs:
server: 192.168.10.20
path: /data/nfs
5.在nfs服务器共享目录中创建验证文件
[root@nfsserver ~]# echo "volume-nfs" > /data/nfs/index.html
6.验证pod
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# kubectl get pod |grep volume-nfs
volume-nfs-649d848b57-qg4bz 1/1 Running 0 10s
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# kubectl exec -it volume-nfs-649d848b57-qg4bz -- /bin/sh
/ # ls /usr/share/nginx/html/
index.html
/ # cat /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
volume-nfs # 文件内容与nfs服务器上创建的一致
/ # exit
七、PV(持久存储卷)与PVC(持久存储卷声明)
7.1 认识pv与pvc
persistenvolume(PV) 是配置好的一段存储(可以是任意类型的存储卷)
-
也就是说将网络存储共享出来,把各种存储类型统一抽象成一种类型,定义成PV。
PersistentVolumeClaim(PVC)是用户pod使用PV的申请请求。
-
用户不需要关心具体的volume实现细节,只需要关心使用需求。
7.2 pv与pvc之间的关系
-
pv提供存储资源(生产者)
-
pvc使用存储资源(消费者)
-
使用pvc绑定pv
7.3 实现nfs类型pv与pvc
1.编写创建pv的YAML文件
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# vim pv-nfs.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume # 类型为PersistentVolume(pv)
metadata:
name: pv-nfs # 名称
spec:
capacity:
storage: 1Gi # 大小
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany # 访问模式
nfs:
path: /data/nfs # nfs共享目录
server: 192.168.10.20 # nfs服务器IP
访问模式有3种
-
ReadWriteOnce 单节点读写挂载
-
ReadOnlyMany 多节点只读挂载
-
ReadWriteMany 多节点读写挂载
2.创建pv并验证
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pv-nfs.yml
persistentvolume/pv-nfs created
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# kubectl get pv
NAME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES RECLAIM POLICY STATUS CLAIM STORAGECLASS REASON AGE
pv-nfs 1Gi RWX Retain Available 81s
说明:
-
RWX为ReadWriteMany的简写
-
Retain是回收策略
-
Retain表示需要不使用了需要手动回收
-
-
可以参考链接: Persistent Volumes | Kubernetes
3.编写创建pvc的YAML文件
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# vim pvc-nfs.yml
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim # 类型为PersistentVolumeClaim(pvc)
metadata:
name: pvc-nfs # pvc的名称
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteMany # 访问模式
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi # 大小要与pv的大小保持一致
4.创建pvc并验证
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pvc-nfs.yml
persistentvolumeclaim/pvc-nfs created
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE
pvc-nfs Bound pv-nfs 1Gi RWX 38s
注意: STATUS必须为Bound状态(Bound状态表示pvc与pv绑定OK)
5.编写deployment的YMAL
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# vim deploy-nginx-nfs.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: deploy-nginx-nfs
spec:
replicas: 2
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.15-alpine
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
ports:
- containerPort: 80
volumeMounts:
- name: www
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
volumes:
- name: www
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: pvc-nfs
八、存储的动态供给
8.1 什么是动态供给Storage Classes
每次使用存储要先创建pv, 再创建pvc,超累的啦! 所以我们可以实现使用存储的动态供给特性。
-
静态存储需要用户申请PVC时保证容量和读写类型与预置PV的容量及读写类型完全匹配, 而动态存储则无需如此.
-
管理员无需预先创建大量的PV作为存储资源
8.2 使用NFS文件系统创建存储动态供给Storage Classes
PV对存储系统的支持可通过其插件来实现,目前,Kubernetes支持如下类型的插件,可根据自己的存储类型去里面找找。
官方地址:Storage Classes | Kubernetes
不过官方插件是不支持NFS动态供给的,但是我们可以用第三方的插件来实现
第三方插件地址: https://github.com/kubernetes-retired/external-storage
1.下载并创建storageclass
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner/master/deploy/class.yaml
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# mv class.yaml storageclass-nfs.yml
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# cat storageclass-nfs.yml
apiVersion: storage.k8s.io/v1
kind: StorageClass # 类型
metadata:
name: nfs-client # 名称,要使用就需要调用此名称
provisioner: k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner # 动态供给插件
parameters:
archiveOnDelete: "false" # 删除数据时是否存档,false表示不存档,true表示存档
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# kubectl apply -f storageclass-nfs.yml
storageclass.storage.k8s.io/managed-nfs-storage created
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# kubectl get storageclass
NAME PROVISIONER RECLAIMPOLICY VOLUMEBINDINGMODE ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION AGE
nfs-client k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner Delete Immediate false 10s
# RECLAIMPOLICY pv回收策略,pod或pvc被删除后,pv是否删除还是保留。
# VOLUMEBINDINGMODE Immediate 模式下PVC与PV立即绑定,主要是不等待相关Pod调度完成,不关心其运行节点,直接完成绑定。相反的 WaitForFirstConsumer模式下需要等待Pod调度完成后进行PV绑定。
# ALLOWVOLUMEEXPANSION pvc扩容
2.下载并创建rbac(RBAC这个后面会讲,知道这是搞授权的就好)
因为storage自动创建pv需要经过kube-apiserver,所以需要授权。
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/kubernetes-sigs/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner/master/deploy/rbac.yaml
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# mv rbac.yaml storageclass-nfs-rbac.yaml
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# cat storageclass-nfs-rbac.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner
# replace with namespace where provisioner is deployed
namespace: default
---
kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner-runner
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["persistentvolumes"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "delete"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["persistentvolumeclaims"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "update"]
- apiGroups: ["storage.k8s.io"]
resources: ["storageclasses"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch"]
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["events"]
verbs: ["create", "update", "patch"]
---
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: run-nfs-client-provisioner
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: nfs-client-provisioner
# replace with namespace where provisioner is deployed
namespace: default
roleRef:
kind: ClusterRole
name: nfs-client-provisioner-runner
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
---
kind: Role
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
# replace with namespace where provisioner is deployed
namespace: default
rules:
- apiGroups: [""]
resources: ["endpoints"]
verbs: ["get", "list", "watch", "create", "update", "patch"]
---
kind: RoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:
name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
# replace with namespace where provisioner is deployed
namespace: default
subjects:
- kind: ServiceAccount
name: nfs-client-provisioner
# replace with namespace where provisioner is deployed
namespace: default
roleRef:
kind: Role
name: leader-locking-nfs-client-provisioner
apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# kubectl apply -f rbac.yaml
3.创建动态供给的deployment
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# vim deploy-nfs-client-provisioner.yml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nfs-client-provisioner
spec:
replicas: 1
strategy:
type: Recreate
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nfs-client-provisioner
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nfs-client-provisioner
spec:
serviceAccount: nfs-client-provisioner
containers:
- name: nfs-client-provisioner
image: registry.cn-beijing.aliyuncs.com/pylixm/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner:v4.0.0
volumeMounts:
- name: nfs-client-root
mountPath: /persistentvolumes
env:
- name: PROVISIONER_NAME
value: k8s-sigs.io/nfs-subdir-external-provisioner
- name: NFS_SERVER
value: 192.168.10.20
- name: NFS_PATH
value: /data/nfs
volumes:
- name: nfs-client-root
nfs:
server: 192.168.10.20
path: /data/nfs
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# kubectl apply -f deploy-nfs-client-provisioner.yml
deployment.apps/nfs-client-provisioner created
[root@k8s-master1 ~]# kubectl get pods |grep nfs-client-provisioner
nfs-client-provisioner-5b5ddcd6c8-b6zbq 1/1 Running 0 34s
4.测试存储动态供给是否可用
# vim nginx-sc.yaml
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
name: web
clusterIP: None
selector:
app: nginx
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: web
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
serviceName: "nginx"
replicas: 2
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
imagePullSecrets:
- name: huoban-harbor
terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 10
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:latest
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: web
volumeMounts:
- name: www
mountPath: /usr/share/nginx/html
volumeClaimTemplates: #注意这里
- metadata:
name: www
spec:
accessModes: [ "ReadWriteOnce" ]
storageClassName: "nfs-client"
resources:
requests:
storage: 1Gi
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