通用的运行代码可以看如下博文：cpp运行通用过程（易理解）

先看看Linux下对于g++的开发文档吧

man gcc

DESCRIPTION
When you invoke GCC, it normally does preprocessing, compilation, assembly and linking. The “overall options” allow you to stop
this process at an intermediate stage. For example, the -c option says not to run the linker. Then the output consists of object
files output by the assembler.

翻译如下：当你调用GNU的时候，他正常情况下会进行预处理，编译，汇编，和链接，所有的过程你都可以在中间过程中停止这个进程，例如，-c选择不能进行链接，这个输出由编译的二进制文件组成

可知此处应该分成四个过程

• 预处理：条件编译，宏变量和文件引用，生成*.i
• 编译：进行词法分析和语法分析，生成汇编指令，生成*.s
• 汇编：把汇编代码翻译成机器语言的过程，生成*.o
• 链接：链接静态链接库.a（可重定向目标文件）和动态共享库.so（共享的目标文件），生成*.out可执行文件

下面我们来看看具体的文件运行过程吧

预处理
（此处文件引入，条件编译和宏变量转换代码量过多，不做概述）

编译：词法分析和语法分析，生成汇编代码

testlh@testlh-virtual-machine:~$ cat demo.s
	.file	"demo.cpp"
	.text
	.section	.rodata
	.type	_ZStL19piecewise_construct, @object
	.size	_ZStL19piecewise_construct, 1
_ZStL19piecewise_construct:
	.zero	1
	.local	_ZStL8__ioinit
	.comm	_ZStL8__ioinit,1,1
	.text
	.globl	main
	.type	main, @function
main:
.LFB1522:
	.cfi_startproc
	endbr64
	pushq	%rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
	.cfi_offset 6, -16
	movq	%rsp, %rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_register 6
	subq	$32, %rsp
	movq	%fs:40, %rax
	movq	%rax, -8(%rbp)
	xorl	%eax, %eax
	movl	$0, -20(%rbp)
	movl	$1, -16(%rbp)
	movl	$2, -12(%rbp)
	leaq	-20(%rbp), %rax
	movq	%rax, %rsi
	leaq	_ZSt4cout(%rip), %rdi
	call	_ZNSolsEPKv@PLT
	movq	%rax, %rdx
	movq	_ZSt4endlIcSt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES6_@GOTPCREL(%rip), %rax
	movq	%rax, %rsi
	movq	%rdx, %rdi
	call	_ZNSolsEPFRSoS_E@PLT
	leaq	-16(%rbp), %rax
	movq	%rax, %rsi
	leaq	_ZSt4cout(%rip), %rdi
	call	_ZNSolsEPKv@PLT
	movq	%rax, %rdx
	movq	_ZSt4endlIcSt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES6_@GOTPCREL(%rip), %rax
	movq	%rax, %rsi
	movq	%rdx, %rdi
	call	_ZNSolsEPFRSoS_E@PLT
	leaq	-12(%rbp), %rax
	movq	%rax, %rsi
	leaq	_ZSt4cout(%rip), %rdi
	call	_ZNSolsEPKv@PLT
	movq	%rax, %rdx
	movq	_ZSt4endlIcSt11char_traitsIcEERSt13basic_ostreamIT_T0_ES6_@GOTPCREL(%rip), %rax
	movq	%rax, %rsi
	movq	%rdx, %rdi
	call	_ZNSolsEPFRSoS_E@PLT
	movl	$0, %eax
	movq	-8(%rbp), %rcx
	xorq	%fs:40, %rcx
	je	.L3
	call	__stack_chk_fail@PLT
.L3:
	leave
	.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
	ret
	.cfi_endproc
.LFE1522:
	.size	main, .-main
	.type	_Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii, @function
_Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii:
.LFB2009:
	.cfi_startproc
	endbr64
	pushq	%rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
	.cfi_offset 6, -16
	movq	%rsp, %rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_register 6
	subq	$16, %rsp
	movl	%edi, -4(%rbp)
	movl	%esi, -8(%rbp)
	cmpl	$1, -4(%rbp)
	jne	.L6
	cmpl	$65535, -8(%rbp)
	jne	.L6
	leaq	_ZStL8__ioinit(%rip), %rdi
	call	_ZNSt8ios_base4InitC1Ev@PLT
	leaq	__dso_handle(%rip), %rdx
	leaq	_ZStL8__ioinit(%rip), %rsi
	movq	_ZNSt8ios_base4InitD1Ev@GOTPCREL(%rip), %rax
	movq	%rax, %rdi
	call	__cxa_atexit@PLT
.L6:
	nop
	leave
	.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
	ret
	.cfi_endproc
.LFE2009:
	.size	_Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii, .-_Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii
	.type	_GLOBAL__sub_I_main, @function
_GLOBAL__sub_I_main:
.LFB2010:
	.cfi_startproc
	endbr64
	pushq	%rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
	.cfi_offset 6, -16
	movq	%rsp, %rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa_register 6
	movl	$65535, %esi
	movl	$1, %edi
	call	_Z41__static_initialization_and_destruction_0ii
	popq	%rbp
	.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
	ret
	.cfi_endproc
.LFE2010:
	.size	_GLOBAL__sub_I_main, .-_GLOBAL__sub_I_main
	.section	.init_array,"aw"
	.align 8
	.quad	_GLOBAL__sub_I_main
	.hidden	__dso_handle
	.ident	"GCC: (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) 9.3.0"
	.section	.note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
	.section	.note.gnu.property,"a"
	.align 8
	.long	 1f - 0f
	.long	 4f - 1f
	.long	 5
0:
	.string	 "GNU"
1:
	.align 8
	.long	 0xc0000002
	.long	 3f - 2f
2:
	.long	 0x3
3:
	.align 8
4:

汇编：把汇编代码翻译成机器语言的过程

testlh@testlh-virtual-machine:~$ nm -C demo.o
                 U __cxa_atexit
                 U __dso_handle
                 U _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_
0000000000000110 t _GLOBAL__sub_I_main
0000000000000000 T main
                 U __stack_chk_fail
00000000000000c3 t __static_initialization_and_destruction_0(int, int)
                 U std::ostream::operator<<(std::ostream& (*)(std::ostream&))
                 U std::ostream::operator<<(void const*)
                 U std::ios_base::Init::Init()
                 U std::ios_base::Init::~Init()
                 U std::cout
                 U std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >& std::endl<char, std::char_traits<char> >(std::basic_ostream<char, std::char_traits<char> >&)
0000000000000000 r std::piecewise_construct
0000000000000000 b std::__ioinit

链接：不做概述