一、标签

1、定义

标签其实就一对 key/value ,被关联到对象上,比如Pod,标签的使用我们倾向于能够表示对象的特殊特点,就是一眼就看出了这个Pod是干什么的
标签可以用来划分特定的对象(比如版本,服务类型等),标签可以在创建一个对象的时候直接定义,也可以在后期随时修改,每一个对象可以拥有多个标签,但是,key值必须是唯一的。
创建标签之后也可以方便我们对资源进行分组管理。如果对pod打标签,之后就可以使用标签来查看、删除指定的pod。
在k8s中,大部分资源都可以打标签。

2、给资源打标签

【1】给Pod打标签

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: mypod
  labels:      # 打标签 ——》app: backend 和 tier: production。
    app: backend
    tier: production
spec:
  containers:
  - name: mycontainer
    image: nginx

【2】给Service打标签

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: myservice
  labels:   # 打标签 ——》  app: frontend和tier: production
    app: frontend
    tier: production
spec:
  selector:
    app: frontend
  ports:
  - protocol: TCP
    port: 80
    targetPort: 8080

【3】给Node打标签

kubectl label nodes <node-name> <label-key>=<label-value>
# 例如:kubectl label nodes node-1 disk=ssd

3、查看资源标签

# 查看默认名称空间下所有pod资源的标签
kubectl get pods --show-labels 
# 查看默认名称空间下指定pod具有的所有标签
kubectl get pods tomcat-test --show-labels
# 列出默认名称空间下标签key是release的pod,不显示标签	
kubectl get pods -l release=v1
# 列出默认名称空间下标签key是release的所有pod,并打印对应的标签值
kubectl get pods -L release
# 查看所有名称空间下的所有pod的标签
kubectl get pods --all-namespaces --show-labels

二、节点选择器

我们在创建pod资源的时候,pod会根据schduler进行调度,那么默认会调度到随机的一个工作节点,如果我们想要pod调度到指定节点或者调度到一些具有相同特点的node节点,怎么办呢?
可以使用pod中的nodeName或者nodeSelector字段指定要调度到的node节点

1、nodeName

指定pod节点运行在哪个具体node上

#把tomcat.tar.gz上传到xianchaonode1和xianchaonode2,手动解压:
[root@xianchaonode1 ~]# ctr -n=k8s.io images import  tomcat.tar.gz 
Loaded image: tomcat:8.5-jre8-alpine
[root@xianchaonode2 ~]# ctr -n=k8s.io images import  tomcat.tar.gz 
Loaded image: tomcat:8.5-jre8-alpine
# 把busybox.tar.gz上传到xianchaonode1和xianchaonode2,手动解压:
[root@xianchaonode1 ~]# ctr -n=k8s.io images import  busybox.tar.gz
[root@xianchaonode2 ~]# ctr -n=k8s.io images import  busybox.tar.gz 

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# cat pod-node.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: demo-pod
  namespace: default
  labels:
    app: myapp
    env: dev
spec:
  nodeName: xianchaonode1  # 指定pod节点运行在xianchaonode1节点上
  containers:
  - name:  tomcat-pod-java
    ports:
    - containerPort: 8080
    image: tomcat:8.5-jre8-alpine
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  - name: busybox
    image: busybox:latest
    command:
    - "/bin/sh"
    - "-c"
- "sleep 3600"

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-node.yaml
#查看pod调度到哪个节点
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl get pods  -o wide
NAME             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS             
demo-pod        1/1     Running   0            xianchaonode1  

2、nodeSelector

指定pod调度到具有哪些标签的node节点上

# 给node节点打标签,打个具有disk=ceph的标签
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl label nodes xianchaonode2 disk=ceph
node/xianchaonode2 labeled
# 定义pod的时候指定要调度到具有disk=ceph标签的node上
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# cat pod-1.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: demo-pod-1
  namespace: default
  labels:
    app: myapp
    env: dev
spec:
  nodeSelector:  # 调度到具有disk=ceph标签的node上
    disk: ceph
  containers:
  - name:  tomcat-pod-java
    ports:
    - containerPort: 8080
    image: tomcat:8.5-jre8-alpine
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-1.yaml
#查看pod调度到哪个节点
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl get pods  -o wide
NAME             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS             
demo-pod-1        1/1     Running   0            xianchaonode2

做完上面实验,需要把default名称空间下的pod全都删除,kubectl delete pods pod名字

# 删除node节点打的标签:
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl label nodes xianchaonode2 disk-

#假如yaml文件改成如下:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: demo-pod-1
  namespace: default
  labels:
    app: myapp
    env: dev
spec:
  nodeName: xianchaonode2  # 指定节点
  nodeSelector: 		   # 指定标签
    disk: ceph
  containers:
  - name:  tomcat-pod-java
    ports:
    - containerPort: 8080
    image: tomcat:8.5-jre8-alpine
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

那么创建pod,会报错,报什么错呢?
Warning NodeAffinity 17s kubelet Predicate NodeAffinity failed

同一个yaml文件里定义pod资源,如果同时定义了nodeName和NodeSelector,那么条件必须都满足才可以,有一个不满足都会调度失败

# 假如给xianchaonode2继续打上标签
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl label nodes xianchaonode2 disk=ceph

[root@xianchaomaster1 pod-2]# kubectl get pods -owide
NAME         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP              NODE            NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
demo-pod-1   1/1     Running   0          4s    10.244.102.79   xianchaonode2   
# 上面可以看到pod能正常调度到xianchaonode2上 

三、污点、容忍度、亲和性

1、node节点亲和性

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl explain pods.spec.affinity   
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1
RESOURCE: affinity <Object>
DESCRIPTION:
     If specified, the pod's scheduling constraints
    Affinity is a group of affinity scheduling rules.
FIELDS:
   nodeAffinity	<Object>   
   podAffinity	<Object>
   podAntiAffinity	<Object>

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]#  kubectl explain  pods.spec.affinity.nodeAffinity
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1
RESOURCE: nodeAffinity <Object>
DESCRIPTION:
     Describes node affinity scheduling rules for the pod.
     Node affinity is a group of node affinity scheduling rules.
FIELDS:
   preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution	<[]Object>   # 软亲和性
   requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution	<Object>	 # 硬亲和性
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl explain pods.spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1
RESOURCE: requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution <Object>
DESCRIPTION:
FIELDS:
   nodeSelectorTerms	<[]Object> -required-
     Required. A list of node selector terms. The terms are ORed.

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl explain pods.spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution.nodeSelectorTerms
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1
RESOURCE: nodeSelectorTerms <[]Object>
DESCRIPTION:
     Required. A list of node selector terms. The terms are ORed.
     A null or empty node selector term matches no objects. The requirements of
     them are ANDed. The TopologySelectorTerm type implements a subset of the
     NodeSelectorTerm.
FIELDS:
   matchExpressions	<[]Object> # 匹配表达式的
   matchFields	<[]Object>     # 匹配字段的
 

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl explain pods.spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution.nodeSelectorTerms.matchFields
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1
RESOURCE: matchFields <[]Object>
DESCRIPTION:

FIELDS:     # 匹配字段
   key	<string> -required-
   values	<[]string>

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl explain pods.spec.affinity.nodeAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution.nodeSelectorTerms.matchExpressions
FIELDS:   # 匹配表达式
   key	<string> -required-      # key:检查label
     The label key that the selector applies to.

   operator	<string> -required-  # operator:做等值选则还是不等值选则
     Represents a key's relationship to a set of values. Valid operators are In,
     NotIn, Exists, DoesNotExist. Gt, and Lt.

     Possible enum values:
     - `"DoesNotExist"`
     - `"Exists"`
     - `"Gt"`
     - `"In"`
     - `"Lt"`
     - `"NotIn"`

   values	<[]string>    # values:给定值
     An array of string values. If the operator is In or NotIn, the values array
     must be non-empty. If the operator is Exists or DoesNotExist, the values
     array must be empty. If the operator is Gt or Lt, the values array must
     have a single element, which will be interpreted as an integer. This array
     is replaced during a strategic merge patch.

【1】硬亲和性

使用requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution硬亲和性

# 把myapp-v1.tar.gz上传到xianchaonode2和xianchaonode1上,手动解压:
[root@xianchaonode1 ~]# ctr -n=k8s.io images import  myapp-v1.tar.gz 
Loaded image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
[root@xianchaonode2 ~]# ctr -n=k8s.io images import  myapp-v1.tar.gz 
Loaded image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# cat pod-nodeaffinity-demo.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name:  pod-node-affinity-demo
  namespace: default
  labels:
    app: myapp
    tier: frontend
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
     requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
       nodeSelectorTerms:
       - matchExpressions:  # 匹配标签:key为zone,value为foo或bar的节点
         - key: zone
           operator: In
           values: 
           - foo
           - bar
  containers:
  - name: myapp
    image: docker.io/ikubernetes/myapp:v1
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent

# 我们检查当前节点中有任意一个节点拥有zone标签的值是foo或者bar
# 就可以把pod调度到这个node节点的foo或者bar标签上的节点上
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-nodeaffinity-demo.yaml 
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide | grep pod-node
pod-node-affinity-demo             0/1     Pending     0   xianchaonode1                       
# status的状态是pending,上面说明没有完成调度,因为没有一个拥有zone的标签的值是foo或者bar
# 而且使用的是硬亲和性,必须满足条件才能完成调度
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl label nodes xianchaonode1 zone=foo
# 给这个xianchaonode1节点打上标签zone=foo,在查看
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]#kubectl get pods -o wide 显示如下:
pod-node-affinity-demo             1/1     Running  0   xianchaonode1

【2】软亲和性

使用preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution软亲和性

[root@xianchaomaster1]# cat pod-nodeaffinity-demo-2.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-node-affinity-demo-2
  namespace: default
  labels:
    app: myapp
    tier: frontend
spec:
  containers:
  - name: myapp
    image: docker.io/ikubernetes/myapp:v1
    imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      - preference:
          matchExpressions: 
          - key: zone1
            operator: In
            values:
            - foo1
            - bar1
        weight: 10
      - preference:
          matchExpressions:
          - key: zone2
            operator: In
            values:
            - foo2
            - bar2
        weight: 20
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-nodeaffinity-demo-2.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide |grep demo-2
pod-node-affinity-demo-2           1/1     Running     0        xianchaonode1
           
# 上面说明软亲和性是可以运行这个pod的,尽管没有运行这个pod的节点定义的zone1标签

Node节点亲和性针对的是pod和node的关系,Pod调度到node节点的时候匹配的条件

测试weight权重:
weight是相对权重,权重越高,pod调度的几率越大

# 假如给xianchaonode1和xianchaonode2都打上标签
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl label nodes xianchaonode1 zone1=foo1
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl label nodes xianchaonode2 zone2=foo2

preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
      - preference:
          matchExpressions: 
          - key: zone1
            operator: In
            values:
            - foo1
            - bar1
        weight: 10  # 加权重
      - preference:
          matchExpressions:
          - key: zone2
            operator: In
            values:
            - foo2
            - bar2
        weight: 20  # 加权重

# pod在定义node节点亲和性的时候,xianchaonode1和xianchaonode2都满足条件,都可以调度pod
# 但是xianchaonode2具有的标签是zone2=foo2,pod在匹配zone2=foo2的权重高,那么pod就会优先调度到xianchaonode2上

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl label nodes xianchaonode1 zone1-
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl label nodes xianchaonode2 zone2-
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl label nodes xianchaonode1 zone-
[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl delete -f pod-nodeaffinity-demo.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl delete -f pod-nodeaffinity-demo-2.yaml

2、pod节点亲和性

pod自身的亲和性调度有两种表示形式

podaffinity:pod和pod更倾向腻在一起,把相近的pod结合到相近的位置,如同一区域,同一机架,这样的话pod和pod之间更好通信,比方说有两个机房,这两个机房部署的集群有1000台主机,那么我们希望把nginx和tomcat都部署同一个地方的node节点上,可以提高通信效率;

podunaffinity:pod和pod更倾向不腻在一起,如果部署两套程序,那么这两套程序更倾向于反亲和性,这样相互之间不会有影响。

第一个pod随机选则一个节点,做为评判后续的pod能否到达这个pod所在的节点上的运行方式,这就称为pod亲和性;
我们怎么判定哪些节点是相同位置的,哪些节点是不同位置的;
我们在定义pod亲和性时需要有一个前提,哪些pod在同一个位置,哪些pod不在同一个位置,这个位置是怎么定义的,标准是什么?
以节点名称为标准,这个节点名称相同的表示是同一个位置,节点名称不相同的表示不是一个位置。

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl explain pods.spec.affinity.podAffinity
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1
RESOURCE: podAffinity <Object>
DESCRIPTION:
     Describes pod affinity scheduling rules (e.g. co-locate this pod in the
     same node, zone, etc. as some other pod(s)).
     Pod affinity is a group of inter pod affinity scheduling rules.
FIELDS:
   preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution	<[]Object>
   requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution	<[]Object>
   
requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution: # 硬亲和性
preferredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:# 软亲和性

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl explain pods.spec.affinity.podAffinity.requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution
KIND:     Pod
VERSION:  v1
RESOURCE: requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution <[]Object>
DESCRIPTION:
FIELDS:
   labelSelector	<Object>  
   namespaces	<[]string>
   topologyKey	<string> -required-  

topologyKey:
位置拓扑的键,这个是必须字段
怎么判断是不是同一个位置:
rack=rack1
row=row1
使用rack的键是同一个位置
使用row的键是同一个位置
labelSelector:
我们要判断pod跟别的pod亲和,跟哪个pod亲和,需要靠labelSelector,通过labelSelector选则一组能作为亲和对象的pod资源
namespace:
labelSelector需要选则一组资源,那么这组资源是在哪个名称空间中呢,通过namespace指定,如果不指定namespaces,那么就是当前创建pod的名称空间
在这里插入图片描述

【1】pod节点亲和性

定义两个pod,第一个pod做为基准,第二个pod跟着它走

# 查看默认名称空间有哪些pod
[root@xianchaomaster1 pod-2]# kubectl get pods
# 把看到的pod删除,让默认名称空间没有pod

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# cat pod-required-affinity-demo-1.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-first
  labels:
    app2: myapp2
    tier: frontend
spec:
    containers:
    - name: myapp
      image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
[root@xianchaomaster1 ]# kubectl apply -f pod-required-affinity-demo-1.yaml

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# cat pod-required-affinity-demo-2.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-second
  labels:
    app: backend
    tier: db
spec:
    containers:
    - name: busybox
      image: busybox:latest
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
      command: ["sh","-c","sleep 3600"]
    affinity:
      podAffinity:
         requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:  # 亲和性
         - labelSelector:
              matchExpressions:
              - {key: app2, operator: In, values: ["myapp2"]}
           topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname

#上面表示创建的pod必须与拥有app=myapp标签的pod在一个节点上
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-required-affinity-demo-2.yaml 
kubectl get pods -o wide 显示如下:
pod-first              running        xianchaonode2
pod-second             running        xianchaonode2

# 上面说明第一个pod调度到哪,第二个pod也调度到哪,这就是pod节点亲和性
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl delete -f pod-required-affinity-demo-1.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl delete -f pod-required-affinity-demo-2.yaml

【2】pod节点反亲和性

定义两个pod,第一个pod做为基准,第二个pod跟它调度节点相反

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# cat pod-required-anti-affinity-demo-1.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-first
  labels:
    app1: myapp1
    tier: frontend
spec:
    containers:
    - name: myapp
      image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f  pod-required-anti-affinity-demo-1.yaml

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# cat pod-required-anti-affinity-demo-2.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-second
  labels:
    app: backend
    tier: db
spec:
    containers:
    - name: busybox
      image: busybox:latest
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
      command: ["sh","-c","sleep 3600"]
    affinity:
      podAntiAffinity:
         requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:  # 反亲和性
         - labelSelector:
              matchExpressions:
              - {key: app1, operator: In, values: ["myapp1"]}
           topologyKey: kubernetes.io/hostname
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-required-anti-affinity-demo-2.yaml

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide 显示两个pod不在一个node节点上,这就是pod节点反亲和性
pod-first            running        xianchaonode1
pod-second           running        xianchaonode2

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl delete -f pod-required-anti-affinity-demo-1.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl delete -f pod-required-anti-affinity-demo-2.yaml

【3】换一个topologykey

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl label nodes  xianchaonode2  zone=foo
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl label nodes  xianchaonode1  zone=foo 
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# cat pod-first-required-anti-affinity-demo-1.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-first
  labels:
    app3: myapp3
    tier: frontend
spec:
    containers:
    - name: myapp
      image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
[root@xianchaomaster1 affinity]# kubectl apply -f pod-first-required-anti-affinity-demo-1.yaml

[root@xianchaomaster1]# cat pod-second-required-anti-affinity-demo-1.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: pod-second
  labels:
    app: backend
    tier: db
spec:
    containers:
    - name: busybox
      image: busybox:latest
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
      command: ["sh","-c","sleep 3600"]
    affinity:
      podAntiAffinity:
         requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
         - labelSelector:
              matchExpressions:
              - {key: app3 ,operator: In, values: ["myapp3"]}
           topologyKey:  zone  # Pod 必须与其他拥有 app3=myapp3 标签的 Pod 分布在不同的拓扑域(例如不同的可用区域)上。


[root@xianchaomaster1 affinity]# kubectl apply -f pod-second-required-anti-affinity-demo-1.yaml

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]#kubectl get pods -o wide 显示如下:
pod-first              running         xianchaonode1
pod-second            pending         <none>

[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl delete -f pod-first-required-anti-affinity-demo-1.yaml 
[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl delete -f pod-second-required-anti-affinity-demo-1.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]#  kubectl label nodes  xianchaonode1  zone-
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]#  kubectl label nodes  xianchaonode2  zone-

# 第二个pod是pending,因为两个节点是同一个位置,现在没有不是同一个位置的了
# 而且我们要求反亲和性,所以就会处于pending状态,如果在反亲和性这个位置把required改成preferred,那么也会运行。

总结:
podaffinity:pod节点亲和性,pod倾向于哪个pod
poduntiaffinity:pod反亲和性
nodeaffinity:node节点亲和性,pod倾向于哪个node

3、污点和容忍度

给了节点选择的主动权,我们给节点打一个污点,不容忍的pod就运行不上来,污点就是定义在节点上的键值属性数据,可以决定拒绝那些pod;

taints是键值数据,用在节点上,定义污点;
tolerations是键值数据,用在pod上,定义容忍度,能容忍哪些污点

pod亲和性是pod属性;但是污点是节点的属性,污点定义在k8s集群的节点上的一个字段

[root@xianchaomaster1 affinity]# kubectl describe nodes xianchaomaster1|grep Taints 
Taints:             node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane:NoSchedule

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl explain node.spec.taints
KIND:     Node
VERSION:  v1
RESOURCE: taints <[]Object>
DESCRIPTION:
     If specified, the node's taints.
     The node this Taint is attached to has the "effect" on any pod that does
     not tolerate the Taint.
FIELDS:
   effect	<string> -required-
   key	<string> -required-
   timeAdded	<string>
   value	<string>

taints的effect用来定义对pod对象的排斥等级(效果):

- NoSchedule:
仅影响pod调度过程,当pod能容忍这个节点污点,就可以调度到当前节点,后来这个节点的污点改了,加了一个新的污点,使得之前调度的pod不能容忍了,那这个pod会怎么处理,对现存的pod对象不产生影响
- NoExecute:
既影响调度过程,又影响现存的pod对象,如果现存的pod不能容忍节点后来加的污点,这个pod就会被驱逐
- PreferNoSchedule:
最好不,也可以,是NoSchedule的柔性版本

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl describe nodes xianchaomaster1
# 查看master这个节点是否有污点,显示如下:
Taints:             node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane:NoSchedule

# 上面可以看到master这个节点的污点是Noschedule
# 所以我们创建的pod都不会调度到master上,因为我们创建的pod没有容忍度
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl describe pods kube-apiserver-xianchaomaster1 -n kube-system
显示如下:
Tolerations:       :NoExecute op=Exists
# 可以看到这个pod的容忍度是NoExecute,则可以调度到xianchaomaster1上

【1】 NoSchedule使用

举例:把xianchaonode2当成是生产环境专用的,其他node是测试的

# 1、给节点打污点
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl taint node xianchaonode2 node-type=production:NoSchedule
# 2、配置pod yaml并运行
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# cat pod-taint.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: taint-pod
  namespace: default
  labels:
    tomcat:  tomcat-pod
spec:
  containers:
  - name:  taint-pod
    ports:
    - containerPort: 8080
    image: tomcat:8.5-jre8-alpine
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent 
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-taint.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide 
显示如下:
taint-pod   running    xianchaonode1

这里我创建pod的时候没有容忍度,所有pod不会调度到xianchaonode2上

【2】容忍度使用

kubectl taint nodes ydzs-node2 test=node2:NoSchedule
上面的命名将 ydzs-node2 节点标记为了污点,影响策略是 NoSchedule,只会影响新的 Pod 调度,如果仍然希望某个 Pod 调度到 taint 节点上,则必须在 Spec 中做出 Toleration 定义,才能调度到该节点

举例: 现在我们想要将一个 Pod 调度到 master 节点:(taint-demo.yaml)

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: taint
  labels:
    app: taint
spec:
  replicas: 3
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: taint
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: taint
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx
        ports:
        - name: http
          containerPort: 80
      # 由于master节点被标记了污点,所以这里想要pod调度到master上
      # 要增加容忍度的声明
      tolerations:
      - key: "node-role.kubernetes.io/master"
        operator: "Exists"
        effect: "NoSchedule"

然后创建上面的资源,查看结果:

$ kubectl apply -f taint-demo.yaml
deployment.apps "taint" created
$ kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME                                      READY     STATUS             RESTARTS   AGE       IP             NODE
......
taint-845d8bb4fb-57mhm                    1/1       Running            0          1m        10.244.4.247   ydzs-node2
taint-845d8bb4fb-bbvmp                    1/1       Running            0          1m        10.244.0.33    ydzs-master
taint-845d8bb4fb-zb78x                    1/1       Running            0          1m        10.244.4.246   ydzs-node2
......

我们可以看到有一个 Pod 副本被调度到了 master 节点,这就是容忍的使用方法。

对于 tolerations 属性的写法,其中的 key、value、effect 与 Node 的 Taint 设置需保持一致, 还有以下几点说明:

  • 如果 operator 的值是 Exists,则 value 属性可省略
  • 如果 operator 的值是 Equal,则表示其 key 与 value 之间的关系是 equal(等于)
  • 如果不指定 operator 属性,则默认值为 Equal

另外,还有两个特殊值:

  • 空的 key 如果再配合 Exists 就能匹配所有的 key 与 value,也就是是能容忍所有节点的所有 Taints
  • 空的 effect 匹配所有的 effect

最后如果我们要取消节点的污点标记,可以使用下面的命令:

$ kubectl taint nodes ydzs-node2 test-
node "ydzs-node2" untainted

【3】NoExecute使用

举例:xianchaonode1也打上污点,pod根据容忍度匹配

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl taint node xianchaonode1 node-type=dev:NoExecute
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide 
# 显示如下:
# taint-pod   termaitering
# 上面可以看到已经存在的pod节点都被撵走了

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# cat pod-demo-1.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: myapp-deploy
  namespace: default
  labels:
    app: myapp
    release: canary
spec:
      containers:
      - name: myapp
        image: ikubernetes/myapp:v1
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        ports:
        - name: http
          containerPort: 80
      tolerations:
      - key: "node-type"
        operator: "Equal"
        value: "production"
        effect: "NoExecute"
        tolerationSeconds: 3600

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-demo-1.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl get pods
myapp-deploy   1/1     Pending   0          11s  xianchaonode2
# 这里只能调度到xianchaonode2上,但还是显示pending,因为我们使用的是equal(等值匹配),所以key和value,effect必须和node节点定义的污点完全匹配才可以
# 把上面配置effect: "NoExecute"变成effect: "NoSchedule"; tolerationSeconds: 3600这行去掉

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl delete -f pod-demo-1.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-demo-1.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl get pods
myapp-deploy   1/1     running  0          11s  xianchaonode2
# 上面就可以调度到xianchaonode2上了,因为在pod中定义的容忍度能容忍node节点上的污点

修改如下部分:

tolerations:
- key: "node-type"
operator: "Exists"
value: ""
effect: "NoSchedule"
# 只要对应的键是存在的,exists,其值被自动定义成通配符

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl delete -f pod-demo-1.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-demo-1.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl get pods
# 发现还是调度到xianchaonode2上
myapp-deploy   1/1     running  0          11s  xianchaonode2

再次修改:

tolerations:
- key: "node-type"
operator: "Exists"
value: ""
effect: ""
# 有一个node-type的键,不管值是什么,不管是什么效果,都能容忍
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl delete -f pod-demo-1.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# kubectl apply -f pod-demo-1.yaml
[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]#  kubectl get pods -o wide 显示如下:
myapp-deploy  running    xianchaonode1

# 可以看到xianchaonode2和xianchaonode1节点上都有可能有pod被调度
[root@xianchaomaster1 taint]# kubectl taint nodes xianchaonode1 node-type:NoExecute-
[root@xianchaomaster1 taint]# kubectl taint nodes xianchaonode2 node-type-

四、Pod状态和重启策略

1、pod状态

在这里插入图片描述
第一阶段:

  • 挂起(Pending):

    • 正在创建Pod但是Pod中的容器还没有全部被创建完成,处于此状态的Pod应该检查Pod依赖的存储是否有权限挂载、镜像是否可以下载、调度是否正常等
    • 我们在请求创建pod时,条件不满足,调度没有完成,没有任何一个节点能满足调度条件,已经创建了pod但是没有适合它运行的节点叫做挂起,调度没有完成。
  • 失败(Failed):
    Pod 中的所有容器都已终止了,并且至少有一个容器是因为失败终止。也就是说,容器以非0状态退出或者被系统终止。

  • 未知(Unknown):
    未知状态,所谓pod是什么状态是apiserver和运行在pod节点的kubelet进行通信获取状态信息的,如果节点之上的kubelet本身出故障,那么apiserver就连不上kubelet,得不到信息了,就会看Unknown,通常是由于与pod所在的node节点通信错误。

  • Error 状态
    Pod 启动过程中发生了错误

  • 成功(Succeeded):
    Pod中的所有容器都被成功终止,即pod里所有的containers均已terminated。

第二阶段:

  • Unschedulable
    Pod不能被调度, scheduler没有匹配到合适的node节点
  • PodScheduled
    pod正处于调度中,在scheduler刚开始调度的时候,还没有将pod分配到指定的node,在筛选出合适的节点后就会更新etcd数据,将pod分配到指定的node
  • Initialized:
    所有pod中的初始化容器已经完成了
  • ImagePullBackOff
    Pod所在的node节点下载镜像失败
  • Running
    Pod内部的容器已经被创建并且启动。

扩展:还有其他状态,如下:

Evicted状态:出现这种情况,多见于系统内存或硬盘资源不足,可df-h查看docker存储所在目录的资源使用情况,如果百分比大于85%,就要及时清理下资源,尤其是一些大文件、docker镜像。
CrashLoopBackOff:容器曾经启动了,但可能又异常退出了

2、重启策略

Pod的重启策略(RestartPolicy)应用于Pod内的所有容器,当某个容器异常退出或者健康检查失败时,kubelet将根据 重启策略来进行相应的操作。

Pod 的 spec 中包含一个 restartPolicy 字段,其可能取值包括 Always、OnFailure 和 Never。默认值是 Always。

Always:只要容器异常退出,kubelet就会自动重启该容器。(这个是默认的重启策略)
OnFailure:当容器终止运行且退出码不为0时,由kubelet自动重启该容器。
Never:不论容器运行状态如何,kubelet都不会重启该容器。

【1】测试Always重启策略

[root@xianchaomaster1]# cat pod.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: demo-pod
  namespace: default
  labels:
    app: myapp
spec:
  restartPolicy: Always
  containers:
  - name:  tomcat-pod-java
    ports:
    - containerPort: 8080
    image: xianchao/tomcat-8.5-jre8:v1
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl apply -f pod.yaml

1)正常停止容器里的tomcat服务

[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl exec -it demo-pod -- /bin/bash
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh

# 查看pod状态:
[root@xianchaomaster1 pod-1]# kubectl get pod
NAME         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS     AGE
demo-pod   1/1     Running   1 (5s ago)   3m24s
# 发现正常停止容器里的tomcat服务,容器重启了一次,pod又恢复正常了

2)非正常停止容器里的tomcat服务

[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl exec -it demo-pod -- /bin/bash
kill 1

[root@xianchaomaster1 pod-1]# kubectl get pod
NAME         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS     AGE
demo-pod   1/1     Running   2 (5s ago)   3m24s
# 上面可以看到容器终止了,并且又重启一次,重启次数增加了一次

【2】测试Never重启策略

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# vim pod.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: demo-pod
  namespace: default
  labels:
    app: myapp
spec:
  restartPolicy: Never
  containers:
  - name:  tomcat-pod-java
    ports:
    - containerPort: 8080
    image: xianchao/tomcat-8.5-jre8:v1
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent	

[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl apply -f pod.yaml

1)正常停止容器里的tomcat服务

[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl exec -it demo-pod -- /bin/bash
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh

#查看pod状态:
[root@xianchaomaster1 pod-1]# kubectl get pod
NAME         READY   STATUS     RESTARTS     AGE
demo-pod   1/1       Completed  0     3m24s

# 发现正常停止容器里的tomcat服务,pod正常运行,容器没有重启

2)非正常停止容器里的tomcat服务

[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl exec -it tomcat-pod -- /bin/bash
kill 1
[root@xianchaomaster1 pod-1]# kubectl get pod
NAME         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS     AGE
demo-pod   1/1       error     0            3m24s
# 上面可以看到容器状态是error,并且没有重启
# 这说明重启策略是never,那么pod里容器服务无论如何终止,都不会重启

【3】测试OnFailure重启策略

[root@xianchaomaster1 ~]# vim pod.yaml 
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: demo-pod
  namespace: default
  labels:
    app: myapp
spec:
  restartPolicy: OnFailure
  containers:
  - name:  tomcat-pod-java
    ports:
    - containerPort: 8080
    image: xianchao/tomcat-8.5-jre8:v1
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent	

[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl apply -f pod.yaml

1)正常停止容器里的tomcat服务
正常退出,退出代码为0,不重启

[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl exec -it demo-pod -- /bin/bash
/usr/local/tomcat/bin/shutdown.sh

# 查看pod状态:
[root@xianchaomaster1 pod-1]# kubectl get pod
NAME         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS     AGE
demo-pod     0/1     complete   0     3m24s

# 发现正常停止容器里的tomcat服务,退出码是0,pod里的容器不会重启

2)非正常停止容器里的tomcat服务
非正常退出,容器会重启

[root@xianchaomaster1]# kubectl exec -it tomcat-pod -- /bin/bash
kill 1

[root@xianchaomaster1 pod-1]# kubectl get pod
NAME         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS     AGE
demo-pod   1/1       running    1         3m24s

# 上面可以看到非正常停止pod里的容器,容器退出码不是0,那就会重启容器
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