1、查找镜像

[root@k8s ~]# docker search postgres
NAME                                    DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
postgres                                The PostgreSQL object-relational database sy…   8474                [OK]                
sameersbn/postgresql                                                                    155                                     [OK]
paintedfox/postgresql                   A docker image for running Postgresql.          77                                      [OK]
bitnami/postgresql                      Bitnami PostgreSQL Docker Image                 64                                      [OK]
centos/postgresql-96-centos7            PostgreSQL is an advanced Object-Relational …   46                                      
postgrest/postgrest                     REST API for any Postgres database              34                                      
arm32v7/postgres                        The PostgreSQL object-relational database sy…   25                                      
wrouesnel/postgres_exporter             Postgres metrics exporter for Prometheus.       24                                      
circleci/postgres                       The PostgreSQL object-relational database sy…   23                                      
centos/postgresql-10-centos7            PostgreSQL is an advanced Object-Relational …   18                                      
centos/postgresql-94-centos7            PostgreSQL is an advanced Object-Relational …   16                                      
schickling/postgres-backup-s3           Backup PostgresSQL to S3 (supports periodic …   16                                      [OK]
debezium/postgres                       PostgreSQL for use with Debezium change data…   15                                      [OK]
postdock/postgres                       PostgreSQL server image, can work in master …   13                                      [OK]
prodrigestivill/postgres-backup-local   Backup PostgresSQL to local filesystem with …   12                                      [OK]
clkao/postgres-plv8                     Docker image for running PLV8 1.4 on Postgre…   12                                      [OK]
camptocamp/postgres                     Docker image for PostgreSQL including some e…   7                                       [OK]
centos/postgresql-95-centos7            PostgreSQL is an advanced Object-Relational …   6                                       
jgiannuzzi/postgres-bdr                 Docker image for PostgreSQL with BDR support    5                                       [OK]
blacklabelops/postgres                  Postgres Image for Atlassian Applications       4                                       [OK]
dcm4che/postgres-dcm4chee               PostgreSQL for dcm4che-arc 5.x                  3                                       [OK]
ansibleplaybookbundle/postgresql-apb    An APB which deploys RHSCL PostgreSQL           2                                       [OK]
fredboat/postgres                       PostgreSQL 10.0 used in FredBoat's docker-co…   1                                       
manageiq/postgresql                     Container with PostgreSQL and built on CentO…   0                                       [OK]
openshift/postgresql-92-centos7         DEPRECATED: A Centos7 based PostgreSQL v9.2 …   0                                       
[root@k8s ~]# 

2、下载镜像

[root@k8s ~]# docker pull postgres (默认下载最新的版本，docker pull postgres:11.7 下载指定的版本)
Using default tag: latest
latest: Pulling from library/postgres
bb79b6b2107f: Already exists 
e3dc51fa2b56: Pull complete 
f213b6f96d81: Pull complete 
2780ac832fde: Pull complete 
ae5cee1a3f12: Pull complete 
95db3c06319e: Pull complete 
475ca72764d5: Pull complete 
8d602872ecae: Pull complete 
c4fca31f2e3d: Pull complete 
a00c442835e0: Pull complete 
2e2305af3390: Pull complete 
6cff852bb872: Pull complete 
25bb0be11543: Pull complete 
4738c099c4ad: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:8f7c3c9b61d82a4a021da5d9618faf056633e089302a726d619fa467c73609e4
Status: Downloaded newer image for postgres:latest
docker.io/library/postgres:latest
[root@k8s ~]# 

3、查看镜像

[root@k8s ~]# docker images postgres
REPOSITORY          TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
postgres            latest              c96f8b6bc0d9        7 days ago          314MB
[root@k8s ~]# 

4、通过镜像创建容器并运行

[root@k8s ~]#  docker run --name postgres -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres -p 5432:5432 postgres
The files belonging to this database system will be owned by user "postgres".
This user must also own the server process.

The database cluster will be initialized with locale "en_US.utf8".
The default database encoding has accordingly been set to "UTF8".
The default text search configuration will be set to "english".

Data page checksums are disabled.

fixing permissions on existing directory /var/lib/postgresql/data ... ok
creating subdirectories ... ok
selecting dynamic shared memory implementation ... posix
selecting default max_connections ... 100
selecting default shared_buffers ... 128MB
selecting default time zone ... Etc/UTC
creating configuration files ... ok
running bootstrap script ... ok
performing post-bootstrap initialization ... ok
syncing data to disk ... initdb: warning: enabling "trust" authentication for local connections
You can change this by editing pg_hba.conf or using the option -A, or
--auth-local and --auth-host, the next time you run initdb.
ok


Success. You can now start the database server using:

    pg_ctl -D /var/lib/postgresql/data -l logfile start

waiting for server to start....2020-10-21 08:32:39.429 UTC [46] LOG:  starting PostgreSQL 13.0 (Debian 13.0-1.pgdg100+1) on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 8.3.0-6) 8.3.0, 64-bit
2020-10-21 08:32:39.429 UTC [46] LOG:  listening on Unix socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"
2020-10-21 08:32:39.434 UTC [47] LOG:  database system was shut down at 2020-10-21 08:32:39 UTC
2020-10-21 08:32:39.440 UTC [46] LOG:  database system is ready to accept connections
 done
server started

/usr/local/bin/docker-entrypoint.sh: ignoring /docker-entrypoint-initdb.d/*

2020-10-21 08:32:39.517 UTC [46] LOG:  received fast shutdown request
waiting for server to shut down....2020-10-21 08:32:39.520 UTC [46] LOG:  aborting any active transactions
2020-10-21 08:32:39.527 UTC [46] LOG:  background worker "logical replication launcher" (PID 53) exited with exit code 1
2020-10-21 08:32:39.529 UTC [48] LOG:  shutting down
2020-10-21 08:32:39.550 UTC [46] LOG:  database system is shut down
 done
server stopped

PostgreSQL init process complete; ready for start up.

2020-10-21 08:32:39.647 UTC [1] LOG:  starting PostgreSQL 13.0 (Debian 13.0-1.pgdg100+1) on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Debian 8.3.0-6) 8.3.0, 64-bit
2020-10-21 08:32:39.647 UTC [1] LOG:  listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 5432
2020-10-21 08:32:39.647 UTC [1] LOG:  listening on IPv6 address "::", port 5432
2020-10-21 08:32:39.652 UTC [1] LOG:  listening on Unix socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"
2020-10-21 08:32:39.657 UTC [55] LOG:  database system was shut down at 2020-10-21 08:32:39 UTC
2020-10-21 08:32:39.662 UTC [1] LOG:  database system is ready to accept connections

5、删除容器，创建主机映射postgres的data目录

[root@k8s ~]# docker ps -a 
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                          PORTS                               NAMES
e63b736f0f3f        postgres            "docker-entrypoint.s…"   2 minutes ago       Exited (0) About a minute ago                                       postgres
a13db31b871c        mysql               "docker-entrypoint.s…"   About an hour ago   Up About an hour                33060/tcp, 0.0.0.0:3307->3306/tcp   mysqlserver1
f56ed36626a3        mysql               "docker-entrypoint.s…"   About an hour ago   Up About an hour                0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp, 33060/tcp   mysqlserver
3744fe5331d5        hello-world         "/hello"                 5 hours ago         Exited (0) 2 hours ago                                              agitated_meninsky
[root@k8s ~]# docker rm e63b736f0f3f
e63b736f0f3f
[root@k8s ~]# 

[root@k8s ~]# mkdir -p pgdata
[root@k8s ~]# cd pgdata/
[root@k8s pgdata]# 
[root@k8s pgdata]# docker run --name postgres -v $PWD/data/:/var/lib/postgresql/data -e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=postgres -d -i -p 5432:5432 postgres
aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f
[root@k8s pgdata]# 
[root@k8s pgdata]# ls
data
[root@k8s pgdata]# cd data
[root@k8s data]# ls
base          pg_dynshmem    pg_logical    pg_replslot   pg_stat      pg_tblspc    pg_wal                postgresql.conf
global        pg_hba.conf    pg_multixact  pg_serial     pg_stat_tmp  pg_twophase  pg_xact               postmaster.opts
pg_commit_ts  pg_ident.conf  pg_notify     pg_snapshots  pg_subtrans  PG_VERSION   postgresql.auto.conf  postmaster.pid
[root@k8s data]# 

run，创建并运行一个容器； 
--name，指定创建的容器的名字； 
-e POSTGRES_PASSWORD=password，设置环境变量，指定数据库的登录口令为password； 
-p 5432:5432，端口映射将容器的5432端口映射到外部机器的54321端口； 

6、检查postgres容器的状态

[root@k8s data]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                   PORTS                               NAMES
aec8a31d2ae1        postgres            "docker-entrypoint.s…"   25 seconds ago      Up 24 seconds            0.0.0.0:5432->5432/tcp              postgre

7、进入postgres容器

[root@k8s data]# docker exec -it postgres /bin/bash
root@aec8a31d2ae1:/# ls
bin  boot  dev  docker-entrypoint-initdb.d  docker-entrypoint.sh  etc  home  lib  lib64  media  mnt  opt  proc  root  run  sbin  srv  sys  tmp  usr  var
root@aec8a31d2ae1:/# psql
psql: error: could not connect to server: FATAL:  role "root" does not exist
root@aec8a31d2ae1:/# su - postgres
postgres@aec8a31d2ae1:~$ 
postgres@aec8a31d2ae1:~$ 
postgres@aec8a31d2ae1:~$ psql
psql (13.0 (Debian 13.0-1.pgdg100+1))
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# 
postgres=# show port;
 port 
------
 5432
(1 row)

postgres=# show config_file ;
               config_file                
------------------------------------------
 /var/lib/postgresql/data/postgresql.conf
(1 row)

postgres=# \q
postgres@aec8a31d2ae1:~$

8、容器外连接测试

没有安装psql客户端
[root@k8s bin]# psql
bash: psql: command not found...
[root@k8s bin]# 
[root@k8s bin]# 
安装postgressql,主要为了使用psql工具
[root@k8s ~]# yum install postgresql 
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package postgresql.x86_64 0:9.2.24-4.el7_8 will be installed
--> Processing Dependency: postgresql-libs(x86-64) = 9.2.24-4.el7_8 for package: postgresql-9.2.24-4.el7_8.x86_64
--> Processing Dependency: libpq.so.5()(64bit) for package: postgresql-9.2.24-4.el7_8.x86_64
--> Running transaction check
---> Package postgresql-libs.x86_64 0:9.2.24-4.el7_8 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

============================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                  Arch                            Version                                    Repository                        Size
============================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 postgresql                               x86_64                          9.2.24-4.el7_8                             updates                          3.0 M
Installing for dependencies:
 postgresql-libs                          x86_64                          9.2.24-4.el7_8                             updates                          234 k

Transaction Summary
============================================================================================================================================================
Install  1 Package (+1 Dependent package)

Total download size: 3.3 M
Installed size: 17 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
(1/2): postgresql-9.2.24-4.el7_8.x86_64.rpm                                                                                          | 3.0 MB  00:00:00     
(2/2): postgresql-libs-9.2.24-4.el7_8.x86_64.rpm                                                                                     | 234 kB  00:00:03     
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total                                                                                                                       939 kB/s | 3.3 MB  00:00:03     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Installing : postgresql-libs-9.2.24-4.el7_8.x86_64                                                                                                    1/2 
  Installing : postgresql-9.2.24-4.el7_8.x86_64                                                                                                         2/2 
  Verifying  : postgresql-9.2.24-4.el7_8.x86_64                                                                                                         1/2 
  Verifying  : postgresql-libs-9.2.24-4.el7_8.x86_64                                                                                                    2/2 

Installed:
  postgresql.x86_64 0:9.2.24-4.el7_8                                                                                                                        

Dependency Installed:
  postgresql-libs.x86_64 0:9.2.24-4.el7_8                                                                                                                   

Complete!
[root@k8s ~]# 
[root@k8s ~]# 
[root@k8s ~]# psql  <=====psql工具已经存在
psql: could not connect to server: No such file or directory
        Is the server running locally and accepting
        connections on Unix domain socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"?
[root@k8s ~]# 

连接测试成功

[root@k8s ~]# psql -h 192.168.40.105 -p 5432 -d postgres -U postgres
Password for user postgres: 
psql (9.2.24, server 13.0 (Debian 13.0-1.pgdg100+1))
WARNING: psql version 9.2, server version 13.0.   <=====客户端版本为9.x,服务器版本为13.0
         Some psql features might not work.
Type "help" for help.

postgres=# 

9、其他链接方式

其实容器也有自己的IP地址，在/var/lib/docker/containers/容器ID/hosts

[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# pwd
/var/lib/docker/containers/aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# 
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# 
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# 
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# ls -ltr
total 32
drwx------ 2 root root    6 Oct 21 16:40 checkpoints
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  174 Oct 21 16:40 hosts
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   71 Oct 21 16:40 resolv.conf.hash
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   85 Oct 21 16:40 resolv.conf
drwx------ 2 root root    6 Oct 21 16:40 mounts
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   13 Oct 21 16:40 hostname
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1557 Oct 21 16:40 hostconfig.json
-rw------- 1 root root 3144 Oct 21 16:40 config.v2.json
-rw-r----- 1 root root 7531 Oct 21 17:05 aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f-json.log
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# cat hosts
127.0.0.1       localhost
::1     localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
172.17.0.4      aec8a31d2ae1
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# 
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# 

连接测试

[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# pwd
/var/lib/docker/containers/aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# 
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# 
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# 
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# ls -ltr
total 32
drwx------ 2 root root    6 Oct 21 16:40 checkpoints
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  174 Oct 21 16:40 hosts
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   71 Oct 21 16:40 resolv.conf.hash
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   85 Oct 21 16:40 resolv.conf
drwx------ 2 root root    6 Oct 21 16:40 mounts
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   13 Oct 21 16:40 hostname
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1557 Oct 21 16:40 hostconfig.json
-rw------- 1 root root 3144 Oct 21 16:40 config.v2.json
-rw-r----- 1 root root 7531 Oct 21 17:05 aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f-json.log
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# cat hosts
127.0.0.1       localhost
::1     localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
fe00::0 ip6-localnet
ff00::0 ip6-mcastprefix
ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
172.17.0.4      aec8a31d2ae1
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]# 
[root@k8s aec8a31d2ae1ca79c63cf64a1e6210f11982807183217da5ed7e657053d5564f]#