ZooKeeper--一个具有高可用性的高性能协调服务
ZooKeeper是一个具有高可用性的高性能协调服务。ZooKeeper主要用来解决分布式系统中的“部分失败”问题。本文提供两个代码例子,分别是:Java开发的znode操作代码和配置服务代码。
ZooKeeper是什么
ZooKeeper是一个具有高可用性的高性能协调服务。
ZooKeeper维护着一个树形层次结构,树中的节点被称为znode。znode可以用来存储数据,并且有一个与之相关联的ACL(权限),znode不能大于1M。
ZooKeeper使用场景
ZooKeeper主要用来解决分布式系统中的“部分失败”问题。部分失败是分布式系统的固有的特征,ZooKeeper不能根除部分失败,也不会隐藏部分失败;但是可以提供一组工具,使你在构建分布式应用时对部分失败进行处理。这主要利用的是观察者模式。
Hadoop内置了ZooKeeper,阿里的开源框架Dubbo、Otter等也都是用ZooKeeper作为协调服务。
安装和运行ZooKeeper
安装
wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/zookeeper/zookeeper-3.3.6/zookeeper-3.3.6.tar.gz
tar zxvf zookeeper-3.3.6.tar.gz
cd zookeeper-3.3.6
cp conf/zoo_sample.cfg conf/zoo.cfg
运行
bin/zkServer.sh start
测试是否正确运行:echo ruok | nc localhost 2181,如果启动成功,则返回imok
zkCli.sh命令行工具
bin/zkCli.sh -server localhost,连接到ZooKeeper,可以执行各种znode操作。
Java开发的znode操作代码
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.KeeperState;
import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooDefs.Ids;
import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooKeeper;
public class ZkTest implements Watcher
{
private static final int SESSION_TIMEOUT = 5000;
private ZooKeeper zk;
private CountDownLatch connectedSignal = new CountDownLatch(1);
public void connect(String hosts) throws IOException,InterruptedException
{
zk = new ZooKeeper(hosts,SESSION_TIMEOUT,this);
connectedSignal.await();
}
@Override
public void process(WatchedEvent event)
{
if(event.getState() == KeeperState.SyncConnected)
{
connectedSignal.countDown();
}
}
//新建表示组的znode
public void create(String groupName) throws KeeperException,InterruptedException
{
String path = "/" + groupName;
String createdPath = zk.create(path,null/*data*/,Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
System.out.println("Created " + createdPath);
}
//用户将成员加入组中:临时成员
public void join(String groupName,String memberName) throws KeeperException,InterruptedException
{
String path = "/" + groupName + "/" + memberName;
String createdPath = zk.create(path,null/*data*/,Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.EPHEMERAL);
System.out.println("Joined " + createdPath);
}
//列出组成员
public void list(String groupName) throws KeeperException,InterruptedException
{
String path = "/" + groupName;
try
{
List<String> children = zk.getChildren(path,false);
if(children.isEmpty())
{
System.out.printf("No members in group %s\n",groupName);
System.exit(1);
}
for(String child:children)
{
System.out.println(child);
}
}
catch (KeeperException.NoNodeException e)
{
System.out.printf("No members in group %s\n",groupName);
System.exit(1);
}
}
//删除一个组及其所有成员
public void delete(String groupName) throws KeeperException,InterruptedException
{
String path = "/" + groupName;
try
{
List<String> children = zk.getChildren(path,false);
for(String child:children)
{
zk.delete(path + "/" + child,-1);
}
zk.delete(path,-1);
}
catch (KeeperException.NoNodeException e)
{
System.out.printf("Group %s does not exist\n",groupName);
System.exit(1);
}
}
public void close() throws InterruptedException
{
zk.close();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
ZkTest zkTest = new ZkTest();
zkTest.connect("192.168.211.230");
//zkTest.create("longlonggroup");
//zkTest.join("longlonggroup", "aaa");
//Thread.sleep(60000); //这里睡60秒是为了让你通过zkCli.sh之类的工具看到/creategroup下的aaa这个临时节点
//zkTest.list("CMS");
//zkTest.delete("longlonggroup");
zkTest.close();
}
}
需要引用jar包,Maven方式如下:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.zookeeper</groupId>
<artifactId>zookeeper</artifactId>
<version>3.4.6</version>
</dependency>
Java开发的配置服务代码
import java.io.IOException;
import java.nio.charset.Charset;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import org.apache.zookeeper.CreateMode;
import org.apache.zookeeper.KeeperException;
import org.apache.zookeeper.WatchedEvent;
import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher;
import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.EventType;
import org.apache.zookeeper.Watcher.Event.KeeperState;
import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooDefs.Ids;
import org.apache.zookeeper.ZooKeeper;
import org.apache.zookeeper.data.Stat;
class ConnectionWatcher implements Watcher
{
private static final int SESSION_TIMEOUT = 5000;
protected ZooKeeper zk;
private CountDownLatch connectedSignal = new CountDownLatch(1);
public void connect(String hosts) throws IOException,InterruptedException
{
zk = new ZooKeeper(hosts,SESSION_TIMEOUT,this);
connectedSignal.await();
}
@Override
public void process(WatchedEvent event)
{
if(event.getState() == KeeperState.SyncConnected)
{
connectedSignal.countDown();
}
}
public void close() throws InterruptedException
{
zk.close();
}
}
class ActiveKeyValueStore extends ConnectionWatcher
{
private static final Charset CHARSET = Charset.forName("UTF-8");
public void write(String path,String value) throws InterruptedException,KeeperException
{
Stat stat = zk.exists(path,false);
if(stat == null)
{
zk.create(path,value.getBytes(CHARSET),Ids.OPEN_ACL_UNSAFE,CreateMode.PERSISTENT);
} else {
zk.setData(path,value.getBytes(CHARSET),-1);
}
}
public String read(String path,Watcher watcher) throws InterruptedException,KeeperException
{
byte[] data = zk.getData(path,watcher,null/*stat*/);
return new String(data,CHARSET);
}
}
//随机更新ZooKeeper中的属性
class ConfigUpdater
{
public static final String PATH = "/configtestbypuma";
private ActiveKeyValueStore store;
private Random random = new Random();
public ConfigUpdater() throws IOException,InterruptedException
{
store = new ActiveKeyValueStore();
store.connect("localhost");
}
public void run() throws InterruptedException,KeeperException
{
String value = random.nextInt(100) + "";
store.write(PATH, value);
System.out.printf("Set %s to %s\n",PATH,value);
Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10)*1000);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
ConfigUpdater configUpdater = new ConfigUpdater();
configUpdater.run();
}
}
//观察Zookeeper中属性的更新情况,并打印到控制台(注意,本例只会观察最新的znode情况,对于二次观察之前的更新不关心)
class ConfigWatcher implements Watcher
{
private ActiveKeyValueStore store;
public ConfigWatcher() throws IOException,InterruptedException
{
store = new ActiveKeyValueStore();
store.connect("localhost");
}
public void displayConfig() throws InterruptedException,KeeperException
{
String value = store.read(ConfigUpdater.PATH, this);
System.out.printf("Read %s as %s\n",ConfigUpdater.PATH,value);
}
@Override
public void process(WatchedEvent event)
{
if(event.getType() == EventType.NodeDataChanged)
{
try
{
displayConfig();
} catch(InterruptedException e) {
System.err.println("Interrupted. Exiting.");
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
} catch (KeeperException e)
{
System.err.printf("KeeperException: %s. Exiting. \n", e);
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
{
ConfigWatcher configWatcher = new ConfigWatcher();
configWatcher.displayConfig();
Thread.sleep(Long.MAX_VALUE);
}
}
ZooKeeper配置文件
如下是一个包含有3台机器的复制模式下的配置例子:
tickTime=2000
dataDir=/diskl/zookeeper
dataLogDir=/disk2/zookeeper
clientPort=2181
initlimit=5
syncLimit=2
server.l=zookeeperl:2888:3888
server.2=zookeeper2:2888:3888
server.3=zookeeper3:2888:3888
tickTime:以毫秒为单位,用来控制心跳和超时,默认情况超时的时间为两倍的tickTime
监听端口:2181端口用于客户端连接;对于领导者来说,2888端口用于跟随者连接;3888端口用于领导者选举阶段的其他服务器连接。当一个ZooKeeper服务器启动时,它读取myid文件用于确定自己的服务器ID,然后通过读取配置文件来确定应当在哪个端口进行监听,同时确定集合体中的其他服务器的网络地址。
在复制模式下,有两个额外的强制参数:initLimit和syncLimit,两者都是以滴答参数的倍数进行度量。
initlimit 参数:The number of ticks that the initial synchronization phase can take,设定了允许所有跟随者与领导者进行连接并同步的时间。如果在设定的时间段内,半数以上的跟随者未能完成同步,领导者便会宣布放弃领导地位,然后进行另外一次领导者选举。如果这种情况经常发生(可以通过日志中的记录发现这种情况) ,则表明设定的值太小。
syncLimit 参数:The number of ticks that can pass between sending a request and getting an acknowledgement,设定了允许一个跟随者与领导者进行同步的时间。如果在设定的时间段内,一个跟随者未能完成同步,它将会自己重启。所有关联到这个跟随者的客户端将连接到另一个跟随者。
以上是服务器集群所需的最小配置,可以通过“ZooKeeper管理员指南”查看更多配置,进行性能调优。
关于配置的更多参数的详细说明,运维技巧,可以参考一下书籍:《从Paxos到ZooKeeper - 分布式一致性原理与实践》第8章,ZooKeeper运维。
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