1 安装

 docker pull docker.io/mysql

[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ ~]# docker pull docker.io/mysql
Using default tag: latest
Trying to pull repository docker.io/library/mysql ... 
latest: Pulling from docker.io/library/mysql
f49cf87b52c1: Pull complete 
78032de49d65: Pull complete 
837546b20bc4: Pull complete 
9b8316af6cc6: Pull complete 
1056cf29b9f1: Pull complete 
86f3913b029a: Pull complete 
4cbbfc9aebab: Pull complete 
8ffd0352f6a8: Pull complete 
45d90f823f97: Pull complete 
ca2a791aeb35: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:1f95a2ba07ea2ee2800ec8ce3b5370ed4754b0a71d9d11c0c35c934e9708dcf1

2 启动
[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ ~]# docker run --name mysql -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -d mysql
3c995c988a94ce38a5ade6dcce7cc9168b349051ec51dc5e8a11c8f210658c04

如果需要把数据存储在宿主机器 加参数-v

[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ home]# docker run --name mysql -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -v /home/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf -d mysql
/usr/bin/docker-current: Error response from daemon: Conflict. The name "/mysql" is already in use by container 3c995c988a94ce38a5ade6dcce7cc9168b349051ec51dc5e8a11c8f210658c04. You have to remove (or rename) that container to be able to reuse that name..
See '/usr/bin/docker-current run --help'.

有容器用了mysql这个名称，需要先停止，再删除镜像

[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ home]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                  PORTS                                                             NAMES
3c995c988a94        mysql                               "docker-entrypoint.sh"   8 hours ago         Up 8 hours              0.0.0.0:3306->3306/tcp                                            mysql
[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ home]# docker stop mysql
mysql
[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ home]# docker rm mysql
mysql

再次启动

[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ home]# docker run --name mysql -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -v /home/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql -v /home/mysql/my.cnf:/etc/mysql/my.cnf -d mysql
a086c00b114a744e5f3b9f64357aef15e46cc7face8dca0878be37e34e0eb240
/usr/bin/docker-current: Error response from daemon: invalid header field value "oci runtime error: container_linux.go:247: starting container process caused \"process_linux.go:364: container init caused \\\"rootfs_linux.go:54: mounting \\\\\\\"/home/mysql/my.cnf\\\\\\\" to rootfs \\\\\\\"/var/lib/docker/devicemapper/mnt/54b2f88d4d6b504e68cdc8dc41e9bf229ecc739bbdce4e23b1253cec6ea62e1e/rootfs\\\\\\\" at \\\\\\\"/var/lib/docker/devicemapper/mnt/54b2f88d4d6b504e68cdc8dc41e9bf229ecc739bbdce4e23b1253cec6ea62e1e/rootfs/etc/mysql/mysql.cnf\\\\\\\" caused \\\\\\\"not a directory\\\\\\\"\\\"\"\n".
[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ home]# docker ps
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                  PORTS                                                             NAMES
[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ home]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                    PORTS                                                             NAMES
a086c00b114a        mysql                               "docker-entrypoint.sh"   38 seconds ago      Created                                                                                     mysql

再次启动发现，没有配置文件/home/mysql/my.cnf  但是容器还是创建成功了

[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ home]# docker rm mysql
mysql
[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ home]# docker ps -a
CONTAINER ID        IMAGE                               COMMAND                  CREATED             STATUS                    PORTS                                                             NAMES
[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ home]# docker run --name mysql -p 3306:3306 -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=123456 -v /home/mysql/data:/var/lib/mysql -d mysql
825f0c86efe9fa16e909ac2444ae077a8c68667b3ae6760220971d6f2cda5f19
[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ home]# 

所以还是需要删除镜像，重新启动，简单点把配置文件去掉就好了

3 进入容器
[root@iZuf6boi8ejfovwda7q1ynZ ~]# docker exec -it mysql  bash
root@3c995c988a94:/# mysql                                                                                                                                                                                                 
ERROR 1045 (28000): Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: NO)

4 进入客户端

[root@3c995c988a94:/# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: 
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.20 MySQL Community Server (GPL)


Copyright (c) 2000, 2017, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.


Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.


Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.


mysql> select version(); 
+-----------+
| version() |
+-----------+
| 5.7.20    |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)