Servlet的API(一)
Servlet的API有很多,这里只谈谈两个Servlet对象:ServletConfig对象和ServletContext对象。1. ServletConfig对象 在Servlet的配置文件中,可以使用一个或多个标签为servlet配置一些初始化参数,当Servlet配置了初始化参数后,web容器在创建servlet实例对象时,会自动将这些参数封装到ServletConf
Servlet的API有很多,这里只谈谈两个Servlet对象:ServletConfig对象和ServletContext对象。
1. ServletConfig对象
在Servlet的配置文件中,可以使用一个或多个<init-param>标签为servlet配置一些初始化参数,当Servlet配置了初始化参数后,web容器在创建servlet实例对象时,会自动将这些参数封装到ServletConfig对象中,并在调用Servlet的init方法时,将ServletConfig对象传递给Servlet。进而,程序员通过ServletConfig对象就可以得到当前Servlet的初始化参数信息。该对象的getInitParameter(String name)用来获得指定参数名的参数值,getInitParameterNames()用来获得所有参数名,我们测试一下:
在test工程的src下新建一个包servletConfig,然后新建一个ServletConfigDemo1类,在配置文件里进行如下配置:
<servlet>
<servlet-name>ServletConfigDemo1</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>servletConfig.ServletConfigDemo1</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>category</param-name>
<param-value>book</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>school</param-name>
<param-value>tongji</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>name</param-name>
<param-value>java</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>ServletConfigDemo1</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/ServletConfigDemo1</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
在ServletConfigDemo1.java中的代码如下:
public class ServletConfigDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
ServletConfig config = null;
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
String value = config.getInitParameter("category");//获取指定的初始化参数
resp.getOutputStream().write((value + "<br/>").getBytes());
Enumeration e = config.getInitParameterNames();//获取所有参数名
while(e.hasMoreElements()){
String name = (String) e.nextElement();
value = config.getInitParameter(name);
resp.getOutputStream().write((name + "=" + value + "<br/>").getBytes());
}
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
@Override
public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException {
this.config = config; //初始化时会将ServletConfig对象传进来
}
}
在浏览器中输入:http://localhost:8080/test/ServletConfigDemo1,即可在浏览器中显示读取参数的结果。
注:实际开发中,并不需要重写init方法,以上代码中重写init方法是为了说明config对象的传递过程。其实在父类的init方法中已经实现了该config的传递了,我们只要直接调用getServletConfig()就可以得到config对象,即在doGet方法中直接通过下面的调用方式获得ServletConfig对象:
ServletConfig config = this.getServletConfig();
那么ServletConfig对象有什么作用呢?一般主要用于以下情况:
1)获得字符集编码;
2)获得数据库连接信息;
3)获得配置文件,查看struts案例的web.xml文件等。
2. ServletContext对象
web容器在启动时,它会为每个web应用程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表当前web应用(web工程)。在ServletConfig接口中有个getServletContext方法用来获得ServletContext对象;ServletContext对象中维护了ServletContext对象的引用,也可以直接获得ServletContext对象。所以开发人员在编写Servlet时,可以通过下面两种方式获得ServletContext对象:
this.getServletConfig().getServletContext();
this.getServletContext();
一般直接获得即可。
由于一个web应用中的所有Servlet共享同一个ServletContext对象,因此Servlet对象之间可以通过ServletContext对象来实现通讯,ServletContext对象通常也被称为context域对象。有如下主要方法:
getResource(String path); //方法获得工程里的某个资源
getResourceAsStream(String path); //通过路径获得跟资源相关联的流
setAttribute(Sring name, Object obj); //方法往ServletContext里存对象,通过MAP集合来保存。
getAttribute(String name); //方法从MAP中取对象
getInitParameter(String name); //获得整个web应用的初始化参数,
//这个跟ServletConfig获取参数不同,这是在<context-param></context-param>中定义的,config对象里的getInitParameter方法获得的是具体某个servlet的初始化参数。
getNamedeDispatcher(String name); //方法用于将请求转给另一个servlet处理,参数表示要转向的servlet。
//调用该方法后,要紧接着调用forward(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response)方法
getServletContextName(); // 获得web应用的名称。
ServletContext应用有哪些呢?
1)多个Servlet通过ServletContext对象实现数据共享(见下面的Demo1和Demo2)
2)获取web应用的初始化参数(见Demo3)
3)实现Servlet的转发(见Demo4和Demo5)
4)利用ServletContext对象读取资源文件(xml或者properties)(见Demo6)
下面对ServletContext对象写几个Demo测试一下:
Demo1:往context域中存入数据
public class ServletContextDemo1 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
String data = "adddfdf";
ServletContext context = this.getServletConfig().getServletContext();
context.setAttribute("data", data);//将数据写到ServletContext
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
Demo2:从context域中读取数据
public class ServletContextDemo2 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String data = (String) context.getAttribute("data");//通过键值从ServletContext中获取刚才存入的数据
resp.getOutputStream().write(data.getBytes());
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
Demo3:获取整个web应用的初始化参数
public class ServletContextDemo3 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");//获取整个web应用的初始化参数,参数是在<context-param></context-param>中定义的
resp.getOutputStream().write(url.getBytes());
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
Demo4:实现转发
public class ServletContextDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
RequestDispatcher rd = context.getRequestDispatcher("/ServletContextDemo5");
rd.forward(req, resp);//将请求转发给ServletContextDemo5.java处理
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
Demo5:
public class ServletContextDemo5 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.getOutputStream().write("ServletDemo5".getBytes());//处理ServletDemo4传过来的请求
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
Demo6:读取资源文件
public class ServletContextDemo6 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
//test1(resp);
//test2(resp);
//test3(resp);
//test4();
}
//读取文件,并将文件拷贝到e:\根目录,如果文件太大,只能用servletContext,不能用类装载器
private void test4() throws FileNotFoundException, IOException {
String path = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
String filename = path.substring(path.lastIndexOf("\\")+1);
InputStream in = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
byte buffer[] = new byte[1024];
int len = 0;
FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("e:\\" + filename);
while((len = in.read(buffer)) > 0){
out.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
}
//使用类装载器读取源文件(不适合装载大文件)
private void test3(HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException {
ClassLoader loader = ServletContextDemo6.class.getClassLoader();
InputStream in = loader.getResourceAsStream("db.properties");
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(in);
String driver = prop.getProperty("driver");
resp.getOutputStream().write(driver.getBytes());
}
private void test2(HttpServletResponse resp) throws FileNotFoundException,
IOException {
String path = this.getServletContext().getRealPath("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");//获取绝对路径
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(path);//传统方法,参数为绝对路径
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(in);
String driver = prop.getProperty("driver");
resp.getOutputStream().write(driver.getBytes());
}
//读取web工程中资源文件的模板代码(源文件在工程的src目录下)
private void test1(HttpServletResponse resp) throws IOException {
InputStream in = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
注:源文件若在工程的WebRoot目录下,则上面参数路径直接为"/db.properties",因为WebRoot即代表web应用
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(in);//先装载流
String driver = prop.getProperty("driver");
String url = prop.getProperty("url");
String username = prop.getProperty("username");
String password = prop.getProperty("password");
resp.getOutputStream().write(driver.getBytes());
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
ServletConfig对象和ServletContext对象就介绍这么多吧,如有错误之处,欢迎留言指正~
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