前段时间需要对服务器的所有shell操作做一个审计，上网查了查大概有这么几种实现方式：

1. 修改环境变量“PROMPT_COMMAND”
2. 给bash打补丁‘bash-BOFH’
3. shell封装‘rootsh / sniffy / ttyrpld / ttysnoop’

修改“PROMPT_COMMAND”最为简单快捷，问题在于使用history命令只能在执行结束以后才能得到审计结果，效果不好还可能丢失审计日志；打补丁维护比较麻烦，如果bash升级需要重新打补丁编译；而几个shell封装的程序打印出太多的日志，和需求不符合。后来查到了一种相对简单（shell脚本实现）又符合需求的方法，参考连接：http://www.pointsoftware.ch/de/howto-bash-audit-command-logger/。

这个方法的原理是通过shell的trap命令在shell命令执行前指定自定义的函数。trap是一个shell内建命令，它用来在脚本中指定信号如何处理。比如，按Ctrl+C会使脚本终止执行，实际上系统发送了SIGINT信号给脚本进程，SIGINT信号的默认处理方式就是退出程序。如果要在Ctrl+C不退出程序，那么就得使用trap命令来指定一下SIGINT的处理方式了。trap命令不仅仅处理Linux信号，还能对脚本退出（EXIT）、调试（DEBUG）、错误（ERR）、返回（RETURN）等情况指定处理方式。这里选用DEBUG来插入审计函数，具体实现参考下面的脚本：

#! /bin/bash

cat >> /etc/bash_audit <<"EOF"
#to avoid sourcing this file more than once
if [ "${OSTYPE:0:7}" != "solaris" ] #following not working in solaris
then
  #do not source this file twice; also do not source it if we are in forcecommand.sh, source it later from "-bash-li"
  #if we would source it from forcecommand.sh, the environment would be lost after the call of 'exec -l bash -li' 
if [ "$AUDIT_INCLUDED" == "$$" ] || { [ -z "$SSH_ORIGINAL_COMMAND" ] && [ "$(cat /proc/$$/cmdline)" == 'bash-c"/etc/forcecommand.sh"' ]; }
then
  return
else
  declare -rx AUDIT_INCLUDED="$$"
fi
fi

#prompt & color
_backnone="\e[00m"
_backblack="\e[40m"
_backblue="\e[44m"
_frontred_b="\e[01;31m"
_frontgreen_b="\e[01;32m"
_frontgrey_b="\e[01;37m"
_frontgrey="\e[00;37m"
_frontblue_b="\e[01;34m"
#PS1="\[${_backblue}${_frontgrey_b}\]\u@\h:\[${_backblack}${_frontblue_b}\]\w\\$\[${_backnone}${_frontgrey_b}\] " #grey
PS1="\[${_backblue}${_frontgreen_b}\]\u@\h:\[${_backblack}${_frontblue_b}\]\w\\$\[${_backnone}${_frontgreen_b}\] " #green
#PS1="\[${_backblue}${_frontred_b}\]\u@\h:\[${_backblack}${_frontblue_b}\]\w\\$\[${_backnone}${_frontred_b}\] " #red
declare -rx PS1

#'history' options
declare -rx HISTFILE="$HOME/.bash_history"
declare -rx HISTSIZE=500000                                 #nbr of cmds in memory
declare -rx HISTFILESIZE=500000                             #nbr of cmds on file
declare -rx HISTCONTROL=""                                  #does not ignore spaces or duplicates
declare -rx HISTIGNORE=""                                   #does not ignore patterns
declare -rx HISTCMD                                         #history line number
#following line is commented to avoid following issue: loading the history during the sourcing of this file (non-interactive bash) is also loading history lines that begin with '#', but then during the trap DEBUG calls it reloads the whole history without '#'-lines and produces an double-length history.
#history -r                                                  #to reload history from file if a prior HISTSIZE has truncated it

#following 2 lines commented because 'history -r' was still loading '#'-lines
#shopt -s extglob                                            #enable extended pattern matching operators
#HISTIGNORE="*([ \t])#*"; history -r                         #reload history without commented lines; this force non-interactive bash to behave like interactive bash, without this AUDIT_HISTLINE will get a wrong initial value, leading then to a small issue where empty bash sessions are actually logging the last command of history

if [ "${OSTYPE:0:7}" != "solaris" ] #following not working in solaris
then
if groups | grep -q root
then
  declare -x TMOUT=3600                                     #timeout for root's sessions
  chattr +a "$HISTFILE"                                     #set append-only
fi
fi
shopt -s histappend
shopt -s cmdhist

#history substitution ask for a confirmation
shopt -s histverify

#add timestamps in history - obsoleted with logger/syslog
#'http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2008/08/15-examples-to-master-linux-command-line-history/#more-130'
#declare -rx HISTTIMEFORMAT='%F %T '

#enable forward search ('ctrl-s')
#'http://ruslanspivak.com/2010/11/25/bash-history-incremental-search-forward/'
if shopt -q login_shell && [ -t 0 ]
then
  stty -ixon
fi



#bash audit & traceability
#
#
#
declare -rx AUDIT_LOGINUSER="$(who -mu | awk '{print $1}')"
declare -rx AUDIT_LOGINPID="$(who -mu | awk '{print $6}')"
declare -rx AUDIT_USER="$USER"                              #defined by pam during su/sudo
declare -rx AUDIT_PID="$$"
declare -rx AUDIT_TTY="$(who -mu | awk '{print $2}')"
declare -rx AUDIT_SSH="$([ -n "$SSH_CONNECTION" ] && echo "$SSH_CONNECTION" | awk '{print $1":"$2"->"$3":"$4}')"
declare -rx AUDIT_STR="[audit $AUDIT_LOGINUSER/$AUDIT_LOGINPID as $AUDIT_USER/$AUDIT_PID on $AUDIT_TTY/$AUDIT_SSH]"
declare -x AUDIT_LASTHISTLINE=""                            #to avoid logging the same line twice
declare -rx AUDIT_SYSLOG="1"                                #to use a local syslogd
#
#
#
#the logging at each execution of command is performed with a trap DEBUG function
#and having set the required history options (HISTCONTROL, HISTIGNORE)
#and to disable the trap in functions, command substitutions or subshells.
#it turns out that this solution is simple and works well with piped commands, subshells, aborted commands with 'ctrl-c', etc..
set +o functrace                                            #disable trap DEBUG inherited in functions, command substitutions or subshells, normally the default setting already
shopt -s extglob                                            #enable extended pattern matching operators
function AUDIT_DEBUG() {
  if [ -z "$AUDIT_LASTHISTLINE" ]                           #initialization
  then
    local AUDIT_CMD="$(fc -l -1 -1)"                        #previous history command
    AUDIT_LASTHISTLINE="${AUDIT_CMD%%+([^ 0-9])*}"
  else
    AUDIT_LASTHISTLINE="$AUDIT_HISTLINE"
  fi
  local AUDIT_CMD="$(history 1)"                            #current history command
  AUDIT_HISTLINE="${AUDIT_CMD%%+([^ 0-9])*}"
  if [ "${AUDIT_HISTLINE:-0}" -ne "${AUDIT_LASTHISTLINE:-0}" ] || [ "${AUDIT_HISTLINE:-0}" -eq "1" ]        #avoid logging unexecuted commands after 'ctrl-c', 'empty+enter', or after 'ctrl-d'
  then
    echo -ne "${_backnone}${_frontgrey}"                    #disable prompt colors for the command's output
    #remove in last history cmd its line number (if any) and send to syslog
    if [ -n "$AUDIT_SYSLOG" ]
    then
      if ! logger -p user.info -t "$AUDIT_STR $PWD" "${AUDIT_CMD##*( )?(+([0-9])?(\*)+( ))}"
      then
        echo error "$AUDIT_STR $PWD" "${AUDIT_CMD##*( )?(+([0-9])?(\*)+( ))}"
      fi
    else
      echo $( date +%F_%H:%M:%S ) "$AUDIT_STR $PWD" "${AUDIT_CMD##*( )?(+([0-9])?(\*)+( ))}" >>/var/log/userlog.info
  fi
  #echo "===cmd:$BASH_COMMAND/subshell:$BASH_SUBSHELL/fc:$(fc -l -1)/history:$(history 1)/histline:${AUDIT_CMD%%+([^ 0-9])*}/last_histline:${AUDIT_LASTHISTLINE}===" #for debugging
    return 0
  else
    return 1
  fi
}
#
#
#
#audit the session closing
function AUDIT_EXIT() {
  local AUDIT_STATUS="$?"
  if [ -n "$AUDIT_SYSLOG" ]
  then
    logger -p user.info -t "$AUDIT_STR" "#=== session closed ==="
  else
    echo $( date +%F_%H:%M:%S ) "$AUDIT_STR" "#=== session closed ===" >>/var/log/userlog.info
  fi
  exit "$AUDIT_STATUS"
}
#
#
#
#make audit trap functions readonly; disable trap DEBUG inherited (normally the default setting already)
declare -frx +t AUDIT_DEBUG
declare -frx +t AUDIT_EXIT
#
#
#
#audit the session opening
if [ -n "$AUDIT_SYSLOG" ]
then
  logger -p user.info -t "$AUDIT_STR" "#=== session opened ===" #audit the session openning
else
  echo $( date +%F_%H:%M:%S ) "$AUDIT_STR" "#=== session opened ===" >>/var/log/userlog.info
fi
#
#
#
#when a bash command is executed it launches first the AUDIT_DEBUG(),
#then the trap DEBUG is disabled to avoid a useless rerun of AUDIT_DEBUG() during the execution of pipes-commands;
#at the end, when the prompt is displayed, re-enable the trap DEBUG
        #declare -rx PROMPT_COMMAND="AUDIT_DONE=; trap 'AUDIT_DEBUG && AUDIT_DONE=1; trap DEBUG' DEBUG; [ -n \"\$AUDIT_DONE\" ] && echo '-----------------------------'"
        #NOK: declare -rx PROMPT_COMMAND="echo "-----------------------------"; trap 'AUDIT_DEBUG; trap DEBUG' DEBUG; echo '-----------------------------'"
        #OK:  declare -rx PROMPT_COMMAND="echo "-----------------------------"; trap 'AUDIT_DEBUG; trap DEBUG' DEBUG"
declare -rx PROMPT_COMMAND="[ -n \"\$AUDIT_DONE\" ] && echo '-----------------------------'; AUDIT_DONE=; trap 'AUDIT_DEBUG && AUDIT_DONE=1; trap DEBUG' DEBUG"
declare -rx BASH_COMMAND                                    #current command executed by user or a trap
declare -rx SHELLOPT                                        #shell options, like functrace
trap AUDIT_EXIT EXIT                                        #audit the session closing


#endof
EOF


chown root:root /etc/bash_audit
chmod 644 /etc/bash_audit

for i in /etc/profile /etc/skel/.bashrc /root/.bashrc /home/*/.bashrc; do
  if ! grep -q ". /etc/bash_audit" "$i"
  then
    echo "===updating $i==="
    echo "[ -f /etc/bash_audit ] && . /etc/bash_audit #added by franzi" >>"$i"
  fi
done

cat >>/etc/rsyslog.conf <<"EOF"
#added by franzi
$ActionFileDefaultTemplate RSYSLOG_FileFormat
#stop avahi if messages are dropped (cf. /var/log/messages with 'net_ratelimit' or 'imuxsock begins to drop')
#update-rc.d -f avahi-daemon remove && service avahi-daemon stop
#$SystemLogRateLimitInterval 10 
#$SystemLogRateLimitBurst 500
$SystemLogRateLimitInterval 0
#endof
EOF

cat >/etc/rsyslog.d/45-xsserver.conf <<"EOF"
#added by franzi

# Filter duplicated messages
$RepeatedMsgReduction off

# Enable high precision timestamps
$ActionFileDefaultTemplate RSYSLOG_FileFormat

# Log bash audit generated log messages to file
if $syslogfacility-text == 'user' and $syslogseverity-text == 'info' and $syslogtag startswith '[audit' then /var/log/userlog.info

#then drop them
& ~

EOF