很多时候，我们都需要一个 Linux 环境，但是装虚拟机又比较麻烦，自从微软为 Win10 内置了 WSL（Linux 子系统）后，我们一般的需求可以直接使用 WSL 代替实体装 Linux 或者虚拟机装 Linux，再也不用折腾装系统复杂的切换了，而且 WSL 与 VSCode 配合写代码也是一绝，这篇文章将介绍在新安装的 WSL 中搭建基本的 C/C++ 开发环境常用的软件。

更改国内源

参考：https://www.cnblogs.com/zqifa/p/12910989.html
第一步：备份源文件：

sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.backup

第二步：编辑/etc/apt/sources.list文件
在文件最前面添加以下条目(操作前请做好相应备份)：

vi /etc/apt/sources.list

网易163源

#默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
#预发布软件源，不建议启用
#deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

第三步：执行更新命令：

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade

常用国内源：

腾讯云源

deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src http://mirrors.tencentyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

阿里云源

deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

清华源

#默认注释了源码镜像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注释
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
#预发布软件源，不建议启用
#deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
#deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

中科大源

deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse

网易163源

deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe multiverse

安装neofetch

sudo apt install neofetch

安装/升级gcc/g++

参考：https://blog.csdn.net/xiangxianghehe/article/details/79675468
为了使用C++14/17/20的新特性，我们难免要升级下自己的GCC版本，同时还要保证自己新安装的GCC生效，并且和原GCC共存。
安装GCC-5.0

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gcc-5 g++-5
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-5 60 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-5

其中最后一句会把当前的默认GCC版本设置为gcc-5。

安装GCC-7.0

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/gcc-7.1
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gcc-7 g++-7
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-7 60 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-7

其中最后一句会把当前的默认GCC版本设置为gcc-7。

安装GCC-9.0

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/test
sudo apt update
sudo apt install gcc-9 g++-9
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-9 60 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-9

其中最后一句会把当前的默认GCC版本设置为gcc-9。
或者试下下面命令：

sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:jonathonf/gcc-9.0
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install gcc-9

安装GCC-10.0

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:ubuntu-toolchain-r/ppa
sudo apt update
sudo apt install gcc-10 g++-10 
sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/gcc gcc /usr/bin/gcc-10 60 --slave /usr/bin/g++ g++ /usr/bin/g++-10

安装gdb

源里添加ubuntu20的源，可以直接安装最新版 gdb9.2。

sudo apt-get install gdb

仓库软件包查找

参考：https://www.jianshu.com/p/dde90215390e
查找软件包

apt-cache search 软件包名

显示软件包的详细信息

apt-cache show 软件包名

安装python

参考：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_42311427/article/details/113546996
以root用户或具有sudo访问权限的用户身份运行以下命令，以更新软件包列表并安装必备组件：

sudo apt update
sudo apt install software-properties-common

将Deadsnakes PPA添加到系统的来源列表中：

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa

启用存储库后，请使用以下命令安装Python 3.8：

sudo apt install python3.8

通过键入以下命令验证安装是否成功：

python3.8 --version

指定python3版本
参考：https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/67255387
ubuntu 系统自带 python2.7 和 python3.5 两个版本的 python，
一般情况下在终端输入python，默认打开的是python2.7，如何指定默认打开python3.5，操作如下：

sudo cp /usr/bin/python /usr/bin/python_bak
sudo rm /usr/bin/python
sudo ln -s /usr/bin/python3.5 /usr/bin/python

以上完成设置python3.5为默认python，即输入python就返回的是python3.5的信息。
但输入python3时遇到如下问题：
$ python3
bash: /usr/lib/command-not-found: /usr/bin/python3: 解释器错误: 没有那个文件或目录
解决办法：

sudo apt-get install --reinstall python2.7-minimal 3.5

如果是一个破碎的系统链接，执行如下：

sudo ln -s /usr/bin/python3.5 /usr/bin/python3

或类似的位置找到你的python 3 二进制文件并链接它。
以上解决完成python3链接问题，即现在在终端输入python3和输入python都返回的是python3.5的信息。

安装protobuf

sudo apt-get install autoconf automake libtool curl make g++ unzip
git clone https://github.com/google/protobuf.git
cd protobuf
git submodule update --init --recursive  # 可能会失败，最好网络代理
./autogen.sh
./configure
make -j8
make check
sudo make install
sudo ldconfig # refresh shared library cache.

然后查看版本：

$ protoc --version
libprotoc 3.17.2

安装CMake

前提必须安装OpenSSL

git clone https://github.com/openssl/openssl.git
cd openssl
./config        # --prefix=/usr/local --openssldir=/usr/local/openssl
make -j8
sudo make install

安装CMake

git clone https://github.com/Kitware/CMake.git
cd CMake
./bootstrap
make -j8
sudo make install
cmake --version