效果如图：
表头标题是重复的、为了能看到滚动效果

v-if=“lists[0].ispass” 来判断表格列的状态每一列是否显示或隐藏 勾选则展示、取消勾选隐藏、默认勾选

<el-dropdown :hide-on-click="false">
            <i class="iconfont icon-shaixuan" ></i>
            <el-dropdown-menu slot="dropdown" >
              <el-scrollbar style="height: 60vh">//作用是数据过多把表单数据的整体高度固定、多出的区域可以下拉展示
                <el-checkbox-group v-model="check">
                  <el-dropdown-item v-for="(item,index) in checkList" :key="index"><el-checkbox :label="item" :key="item"></el-checkbox>
                  </el-dropdown-item>
                </el-checkbox-group>
              </el-scrollbar>
            </el-dropdown-menu>
</el-dropdown>
<el-table :data="institutionalTypeList" border align="center" v-loading="listLoading" style="width: 100%;" :header-cell-style="tableBg">
        <af-table-column type="index" :index="indexMethod" label="序号" width="90">
        </af-table-column>
        <af-table-column v-if="lists[0].ispass" prop="id" label="编码" >
        </af-table-column>
        <af-table-column v-if="lists[1].ispass" prop="name" label="名称" >
        </af-table-column>
        <af-table-column v-if="lists[2].ispass" prop="updatetime" label="更新时间" >
        </af-table-column>
</el-table>

lists是所有表头标题，check是多选框默认全选，checkList也是所有表头标题、跟多选框绑定的

data() {
      return {
        check:['编码','名称','更新时间'],
        checkList:['编码','名称','更新时间'],
        lists:[
          {label:'编码',ispass:true},
          {label:'名称',ispass:true},
          {label:'更新时间',ispass:true},
        ],
      }
    },

动态监听值选中的选项

watch:{
      check(newVal){
            if (newVal) {
              var arr = this.checkList.filter(i => newVal.indexOf(i) < 0) //未选中
              this.lists.map(i => {
                if (arr.indexOf(i.label) !== -1) {
                  i.ispass = false
                } else {
                  i.ispass = true
                }
              })
            }
      }
    },