Python学习笔记之(一)——环境建设

更新日期:2018年2月7日

python已经成为了非常流行而且高适用的一款软件,在数值处理和模式识别机器学习等领域越来越被广泛使用。万变不离其宗,无论何时官网总能给我们最权威最详尽的解答。
python官网
python文档
所需的python2.7、3.6甚至最新的3.7都可以从上面下载。

1. python软件环境

先解决这两个疑问:选哪个环境?为什么选这个环境?
使用Anaconda,里面预装了conda、python和众多package,科学计算工具等等,是python的一种发行版,解决多版本python共存和第三方包的安装问题。
从百度里面查询:

anaconda 是一个python的发行版,包括了python和很多常见的软件库, 和一个包管理器conda。常见的科学计算类的库都包含在里面了,使得安装比常规python安装要容易。
装了anaconda就不需要装python了。


Anaconda 解决了官方 Python 的两大痛点。
第一:提供了包管理功能,Windows 平台安装第三方包经常失败的场景得以解决,
第二:提供环境管理的功能,功能类似 Virtualenv,解决了多版本Python并存、切换的问题。 熟悉使用 Anaconda 只需花10分钟就能掌握。

1.1 初学python者自学anaconda的正确姿势是什么??

1.1.1 下载anaconda

anaconda官网下载地址:
直达Anaconda3.5-64 下载链接
直达Anaconda3.5-32 下载链接
直接在官网下载安装包,选择Python3.6+的安装包进行下载,下载完成后直接安装,安装过程选择默认配置即可,大约需要1.8G的磁盘空间,下载得到文件:Anaconda3-5.0.1-Linux-x86_64.sh。
如果在windows环境下,则可以下载windows版本,Anaconda3-2020.02-Windows-x86_64.exe,然后安装就可以了。

1.1.2 安装

安装参考链接

运行:
chmod +x Anaconda3-2020.02-Linux-x86_64.sh
./Anaconda3-2020.02-Linux-x86_64.sh
会提示安装路径,选择默认就行了(在ubuntu/lucky/anaconda3下).

1.1.3 修改镜像地址

安装完成之后运行
source ~/.bashrc 然后再运行下面的语句,否则很可能会显示“conda:未找到命令”。
接下来修改安装镜像地址,否则如果直接进行create环境创建的话,会从国际地址下载相关的软件,非常慢。

1.1.4 配置Anaconda环境

Anaconda安装完成之后,如果你不激活环境,那么虽然之前安装的Anaconda里面包罗万象,但是你就算是想用python都得重新安装,会跳出提示:

lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ python

Command ‘python’ not found, but can be installed with:

sudo apt install python3 # version 3.7.5-1, or sudo apt
install python # version 2.7.17-1 sudo apt install
python-minimal # version 2.7.17-1

You also have python3 installed, you can run ‘python3’ instead.

如果再"sudo apt install python3 "装一个python真是有点亏。那么如果想用conda的软件包,那么首先就要激活conda环境。激活很简单:

conda activate

然后再调用python就会显示:

lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda activate
(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ python
Python 3.7.6 (default, Jan 8 2020, 19:59:22)
[GCC 7.3.0] :: Anaconda, Inc. on linux
Type “help”, “copyright”, “credits” or “license” for more information.

说明环境已经ok了。那么到底这conda里面有啥东西?输入conda看一看:

(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda
usage: conda [-h] [-V] command ...

conda is a tool for managing and deploying applications, environments and packages.

Options:

positional arguments:
  command
    clean        Remove unused packages and caches.
    config       Modify configuration values in .condarc. This is modeled
                 after the git config command. Writes to the user .condarc
                 file (/home/lucky/.condarc) by default.
    create       Create a new conda environment from a list of specified
                 packages.
    help         Displays a list of available conda commands and their help
                 strings.
    info         Display information about current conda install.
    init         Initialize conda for shell interaction. [Experimental]
    install      Installs a list of packages into a specified conda
                 environment.
    list         List linked packages in a conda environment.
    package      Low-level conda package utility. (EXPERIMENTAL)
    remove       Remove a list of packages from a specified conda environment.
    uninstall    Alias for conda remove.
    run          Run an executable in a conda environment. [Experimental]
    search       Search for packages and display associated information. The
                 input is a MatchSpec, a query language for conda packages.
                 See examples below.
    update       Updates conda packages to the latest compatible version.
    upgrade      Alias for conda update.

optional arguments:
  -h, --help     Show this help message and exit.
  -V, --version  Show the conda version number and exit.

conda commands available from other packages:
  build
  convert
  debug
  develop
  env
  index
  inspect
  metapackage
  render
  server
  skeleton
  verify

可以看到,里面内容很多,其中config部分大家看着很熟悉吧?不熟悉就看下面:

下载更新环境设置

Anaconda 的镜像地址默认在国外,用 conda 安装包的时候会很慢,目前可用的国内镜像源地址有清华大学的。

修改 ~/.condarc (Linux/Mac) 或 C:\Users\当前用户名\.condarc (Windows) 配置:

如果没有这个文件,那就新建文件,然后进行编辑,将下面的内容拷贝进去

channels:  
- https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
- defaults
show_channel_urls: true

也可以直接用命令来添加:
参考:Windows下Anaconda安装、换源与更新
windows下打开anaconda prompt ,linux下打开终端,在当前用户目录下输入:


conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main/
# 设置搜索时显示通道地址
conda config --set show_channel_urls yes

conda额外库:

# pytorch
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/pytorch/
# 安装时PyTorch,官网给的安装命令需要去掉最后的-c pytorch,才能使用清华源
# conda-forge
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/
# msys2
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/msys2/
# bioconda
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/bioconda/
# menpo
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/menpo/
# 设置搜索时显示通道地址
conda config --set show_channel_urls yes

额外库都是第三方提供的,非anaconda官方的,建议没有特殊需要直接使用稳定的官方库。

中科大anaconda镜像:

conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/msys2/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/bioconda/
conda config --add channels https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/menpo/
conda config --set show_channel_urls yes

国内源也是会挂的,之前清华就挂过,后来又活了,腾讯挂了就直接死了,一旦出现一直连接失败问题就可以换回来了

2021年1月5日更新开始

在windows下用上述源更新(conda update anaconda)出错,于是换了如下源文件:

channels:
  - conda-forge
  - https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
  - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/
  - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
show_channel_urls: true

再更新就好了,过程如下图:

2021年1月5日更新结束

conda config --remove-key channels

如果使用conda安装包的时候还是很慢,那么可以考虑使用pip来安装,同样把 pip 的镜像源地址也改成国内的,豆瓣源速度比较快。修改 ~/.pip/pip.conf (Linux/Mac) 或 C:\Users\当前用户名\pip\pip.conf(Windows) 配置:

[global] 
trusted
-host =  pypi.douban.com index
-url = http://pypi.douban.com/simple 

好啦,下载快了更新快了事倍功半嘛!

更新anaconda

# conda
conda update conda
# anaconda(升级anaconda前需要先升级conda)
conda update anaconda
# anaconda-navigator
conda update anaconda-navigator
# spyder
conda update spyder
# 所有包
conda update --all
# 尽量避免使用conda update --all命令,可能会出现部分包降级的问题

继续说conda。
我的理解conda就是一个“虚拟机”,类似“Virtualenv”,你可以建立一个独立的软件环境,在此环境里面你可以安装、卸载、更新升级需要的软件支撑包,当这个环境用完之后你可以把他给去激活,这个自定义的环境不会影响其他的定义环境。conda相当于给列了一个库(list),你建立的环境想要什么包,可以从里面去选择,可以为这个环境命名。如下,就是新建了一个名称为“mypython36”的环境,这个环境调用了conda当中的python包,这个python的版本是3.6的

conda create -n mypython36 python=3.6

如果不知道python的版本,我觉得干脆别用这个版本号,直接:

conda create -n mypython36 python

不过这样也会有麻烦,比如有的代码需要python2有的需要3,那么具体问题具体分析吧,反正你知道这里可以选择你要的包,至于这个包是python2还是3,根据情况决定。

当然你也有权去了解这个conda里面有啥包,上面对conda的解释中说了,就是用list来查看:

(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda list
# packages in environment at /home/lucky/anaconda3:
#
# Name                    Version                   Build  Channel_ipyw_jlab_nb_ext_conf    0.1.0                    py37_0    defaults
_libgcc_mutex             0.1                        main    defaults
alabaster                 0.7.12                   py37_0    defaults
anaconda                  2020.02                  py37_0    defaults
anaconda-client           1.7.2                    py37_0    defaults
anaconda-navigator        1.9.12                   py37_0    defaults
anaconda-project          0.8.4                      py_0    defaults
argh                      0.26.2                   py37_0    defaults
asn1crypto                1.3.0                    py37_0    defaults
astroid                   2.3.3                    py37_0    defaults
astropy                   4.0              py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
atomicwrites              1.3.0                    py37_1    defaults
attrs                     19.3.0                     py_0    defaults
autopep8                  1.4.4                      py_0    defaults
babel                     2.8.0                      py_0    defaults
backcall                  0.1.0                    py37_0    defaults
backports                 1.0                        py_2    defaults
backports.functools_lru_cache 1.6.1                      py_0    defaults
backports.shutil_get_terminal_size 1.0.0                    py37_2    defaults
backports.tempfile        1.0                        py_1    defaults
backports.weakref         1.0.post1                  py_1    defaults
beautifulsoup4            4.8.2                    py37_0    defaults
bitarray                  1.2.1            py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
bkcharts                  0.2                      py37_0    defaults
blas                      1.0                         mkl    defaults
bleach                    3.1.0                    py37_0    defaults
blosc                     1.16.3               hd408876_0    defaults
bokeh                     1.4.0                    py37_0    defaults
boto                      2.49.0                   py37_0    defaults
bottleneck                1.3.2            py37heb32a55_0    defaults
bzip2                     1.0.8                h7b6447c_0    defaults
ca-certificates           2020.1.1                      0    defaults
cairo                     1.14.12              h8948797_3    defaults
certifi                   2019.11.28               py37_0    defaults
cffi                      1.14.0           py37h2e261b9_0    defaults
chardet                   3.0.4                 py37_1003    defaults
click                     7.0                      py37_0    defaults
cloudpickle               1.3.0                      py_0    defaults
clyent                    1.2.2                    py37_1    defaults
colorama                  0.4.3                      py_0    defaults
conda                     4.8.2                    py37_0    defaults
conda-build               3.18.11                  py37_0    defaults
conda-env                 2.6.0                         1    defaults
conda-package-handling    1.6.0            py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
conda-verify              3.4.2                      py_1    defaults
contextlib2               0.6.0.post1                py_0    defaults
cryptography              2.8              py37h1ba5d50_0    defaults
curl                      7.68.0               hbc83047_0    defaults
cycler                    0.10.0                   py37_0    defaults
cython                    0.29.15          py37he6710b0_0    defaults
cytoolz                   0.10.1           py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
dask                      2.11.0                     py_0    defaults
dask-core                 2.11.0                     py_0    defaults
dbus                      1.13.12              h746ee38_0    defaults
decorator                 4.4.1                      py_0    defaults
defusedxml                0.6.0                      py_0    defaults
diff-match-patch          20181111                   py_0    defaults
distributed               2.11.0                   py37_0    defaults
docutils                  0.16                     py37_0    defaults
entrypoints               0.3                      py37_0    defaults
et_xmlfile                1.0.1                    py37_0    defaults
expat                     2.2.6                he6710b0_0    defaults
fastcache                 1.1.0            py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
filelock                  3.0.12                     py_0    defaults
flake8                    3.7.9                    py37_0    defaults
flask                     1.1.1                      py_0    defaults
fontconfig                2.13.0               h9420a91_0    defaults
freetype                  2.9.1                h8a8886c_1    defaults
fribidi                   1.0.5                h7b6447c_0    defaults
fsspec                    0.6.2                      py_0    defaults
future                    0.18.2                   py37_0    defaults
get_terminal_size         1.0.0                haa9412d_0    defaults
gevent                    1.4.0            py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
glib                      2.63.1               h5a9c865_0    defaults
glob2                     0.7                        py_0    defaults
gmp                       6.1.2                h6c8ec71_1    defaults
gmpy2                     2.0.8            py37h10f8cd9_2    defaults
graphite2                 1.3.13               h23475e2_0    defaults
greenlet                  0.4.15           py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
gst-plugins-base          1.14.0               hbbd80ab_1    defaults
gstreamer                 1.14.0               hb453b48_1    defaults
h5py                      2.10.0           py37h7918eee_0    defaults
harfbuzz                  1.8.8                hffaf4a1_0    defaults
hdf5                      1.10.4               hb1b8bf9_0    defaults
heapdict                  1.0.1                      py_0    defaults
html5lib                  1.0.1                    py37_0    defaults
hypothesis                5.5.4                      py_0    defaults
icu                       58.2                 h9c2bf20_1    defaults
idna                      2.8                      py37_0    defaults
imageio                   2.6.1                    py37_0    defaults
imagesize                 1.2.0                      py_0    defaults
importlib_metadata        1.5.0                    py37_0    defaults
intel-openmp              2020.0                      166    defaults
intervaltree              3.0.2                      py_0    defaults
ipykernel                 5.1.4            py37h39e3cac_0    defaults
ipython                   7.12.0           py37h5ca1d4c_0    defaults
ipython_genutils          0.2.0                    py37_0    defaults
ipywidgets                7.5.1                      py_0    defaults
isort                     4.3.21                   py37_0    defaults
itsdangerous              1.1.0                    py37_0    defaults
jbig                      2.1                  hdba287a_0    defaults
jdcal                     1.4.1                      py_0    defaults
jedi                      0.14.1                   py37_0    defaults
jeepney                   0.4.2                      py_0    defaults
jinja2                    2.11.1                     py_0    defaults
joblib                    0.14.1                     py_0    defaults
jpeg                      9b                   h024ee3a_2    defaults
json5                     0.9.1                      py_0    defaults
jsonschema                3.2.0                    py37_0    defaults
jupyter                   1.0.0                    py37_7    defaults
jupyter_client            5.3.4                    py37_0    defaults
jupyter_console           6.1.0                      py_0    defaults
jupyter_core              4.6.1                    py37_0    defaults
jupyterlab                1.2.6              pyhf63ae98_0    defaults
jupyterlab_server         1.0.6                      py_0    defaults
keyring                   21.1.0                   py37_0    defaults
kiwisolver                1.1.0            py37he6710b0_0    defaults
krb5                      1.17.1               h173b8e3_0    defaults
lazy-object-proxy         1.4.3            py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
ld_impl_linux-64          2.33.1               h53a641e_7    defaults
libarchive                3.3.3                h5d8350f_5    defaults
libcurl                   7.68.0               h20c2e04_0    defaults
libedit                   3.1.20181209         hc058e9b_0    defaults
libffi                    3.2.1                hd88cf55_4    defaults
libgcc-ng                 9.1.0                hdf63c60_0    defaults
libgfortran-ng            7.3.0                hdf63c60_0    defaults
liblief                   0.9.0                h7725739_2    defaults
libpng                    1.6.37               hbc83047_0    defaults
libsodium                 1.0.16               h1bed415_0    defaults
libspatialindex           1.9.3                he6710b0_0    defaults
libssh2                   1.8.2                h1ba5d50_0    defaults
libstdcxx-ng              9.1.0                hdf63c60_0    defaults
libtiff                   4.1.0                h2733197_0    defaults
libtool                   2.4.6                h7b6447c_5    defaults
libuuid                   1.0.3                h1bed415_2    defaults
libxcb                    1.13                 h1bed415_1    defaults
libxml2                   2.9.9                hea5a465_1    defaults
libxslt                   1.1.33               h7d1a2b0_0    defaults
llvmlite                  0.31.0           py37hd408876_0    defaults
locket                    0.2.0                    py37_1    defaults
lxml                      4.5.0            py37hefd8a0e_0    defaults
lz4-c                     1.8.1.2              h14c3975_0    defaults
lzo                       2.10                 h49e0be7_2    defaults
markupsafe                1.1.1            py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
matplotlib                3.1.3                    py37_0    defaults
matplotlib-base           3.1.3            py37hef1b27d_0    defaults
mccabe                    0.6.1                    py37_1    defaults
mistune                   0.8.4            py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
mkl                       2020.0                      166    defaults
mkl-service               2.3.0            py37he904b0f_0    defaults
mkl_fft                   1.0.15           py37ha843d7b_0    defaults
mkl_random                1.1.0            py37hd6b4f25_0    defaults
mock                      4.0.1                      py_0    defaults
more-itertools            8.2.0                      py_0    defaults
mpc                       1.1.0                h10f8cd9_1    defaults
mpfr                      4.0.1                hdf1c602_3    defaults
mpmath                    1.1.0                    py37_0    defaults
msgpack-python            0.6.1            py37hfd86e86_1    defaults
multipledispatch          0.6.0                    py37_0    defaults
navigator-updater         0.2.1                    py37_0    defaults
nbconvert                 5.6.1                    py37_0    defaults
nbformat                  5.0.4                      py_0    defaults
ncurses                   6.2                  he6710b0_0    defaults
networkx                  2.4                        py_0    defaults
nltk                      3.4.5                    py37_0    defaults
nose                      1.3.7                    py37_2    defaults
notebook                  6.0.3                    py37_0    defaults
numba                     0.48.0           py37h0573a6f_0    defaults
numexpr                   2.7.1            py37h423224d_0    defaults
numpy                     1.18.1           py37h4f9e942_0    defaults
numpy-base                1.18.1           py37hde5b4d6_1    defaults
numpydoc                  0.9.2                      py_0    defaults
olefile                   0.46                     py37_0    defaults
openpyxl                  3.0.3                      py_0    defaults
openssl                   1.1.1d               h7b6447c_4    defaults
packaging                 20.1                       py_0    defaults
pandas                    1.0.1            py37h0573a6f_0    defaults
pandoc                    2.2.3.2                       0    defaults
pandocfilters             1.4.2                    py37_1    defaults
pango                     1.42.4               h049681c_0    defaults
parso                     0.5.2                      py_0    defaults
partd                     1.1.0                      py_0    defaults
patchelf                  0.10                 he6710b0_0    defaults
path                      13.1.0                   py37_0    defaults
path.py                   12.4.0                        0    defaults
pathlib2                  2.3.5                    py37_0    defaults
pathtools                 0.1.2                      py_1    defaults
patsy                     0.5.1                    py37_0    defaults
pcre                      8.43                 he6710b0_0    defaults
pep8                      1.7.1                    py37_0    defaults
pexpect                   4.8.0                    py37_0    defaults
pickleshare               0.7.5                    py37_0    defaults
pillow                    7.0.0            py37hb39fc2d_0    defaults
pip                       20.0.2                   py37_1    defaults
pixman                    0.38.0               h7b6447c_0    defaults
pkginfo                   1.5.0.1                  py37_0    defaults
pluggy                    0.13.1                   py37_0    defaults
ply                       3.11                     py37_0    defaults
prometheus_client         0.7.1                      py_0    defaults
prompt_toolkit            3.0.3                      py_0    defaults
psutil                    5.6.7            py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
ptyprocess                0.6.0                    py37_0    defaults
py                        1.8.1                      py_0    defaults
py-lief                   0.9.0            py37h7725739_2    defaults
pycodestyle               2.5.0                    py37_0    defaults
pycosat                   0.6.3            py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
pycparser                 2.19                     py37_0    defaults
pycrypto                  2.6.1            py37h14c3975_9    defaults
pycurl                    7.43.0.5         py37h1ba5d50_0    defaults
pydocstyle                4.0.1                      py_0    defaults
pyflakes                  2.1.1                    py37_0    defaults
pygments                  2.5.2                      py_0    defaults
pylint                    2.4.4                    py37_0    defaults
pyodbc                    4.0.30           py37he6710b0_0    defaults
pyopenssl                 19.1.0                   py37_0    defaults
pyparsing                 2.4.6                      py_0    defaults
pyqt                      5.9.2            py37h05f1152_2    defaults
pyrsistent                0.15.7           py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
pysocks                   1.7.1                    py37_0    defaults
pytables                  3.6.1            py37h71ec239_0    defaults
pytest                    5.3.5                    py37_0    defaults
pytest-arraydiff          0.3              py37h39e3cac_0    defaults
pytest-astropy            0.8.0                      py_0    defaults
pytest-astropy-header     0.1.2                      py_0    defaults
pytest-doctestplus        0.5.0                      py_0    defaults
pytest-openfiles          0.4.0                      py_0    defaults
pytest-remotedata         0.3.2                    py37_0    defaults
python                    3.7.6                h0371630_2    defaults
python-dateutil           2.8.1                      py_0    defaults
python-jsonrpc-server     0.3.4                      py_0    defaults
python-language-server    0.31.7                   py37_0    defaults
python-libarchive-c       2.8                     py37_13    defaults
pytz                      2019.3                     py_0    defaults
pywavelets                1.1.1            py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
pyxdg                     0.26                       py_0    defaults
pyyaml                    5.3              py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
pyzmq                     18.1.1           py37he6710b0_0    defaults
qdarkstyle                2.8                        py_0    defaults
qt                        5.9.7                h5867ecd_1    defaults
qtawesome                 0.6.1                      py_0    defaults
qtconsole                 4.6.0                      py_1    defaults
qtpy                      1.9.0                      py_0    defaults
readline                  7.0                  h7b6447c_5    defaults
requests                  2.22.0                   py37_1    defaults
ripgrep                   11.0.2               he32d670_0    defaults
rope                      0.16.0                     py_0    defaults
rtree                     0.9.3                    py37_0    defaults
ruamel_yaml               0.15.87          py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
scikit-image              0.16.2           py37h0573a6f_0    defaults
scikit-learn              0.22.1           py37hd81dba3_0    defaults
scipy                     1.4.1            py37h0b6359f_0    defaults
seaborn                   0.10.0                     py_0    defaults
secretstorage             3.1.2                    py37_0    defaults
send2trash                1.5.0                    py37_0    defaults
setuptools                45.2.0                   py37_0    defaults
simplegeneric             0.8.1                    py37_2    defaults
singledispatch            3.4.0.3                  py37_0    defaults
sip                       4.19.8           py37hf484d3e_0    defaults
six                       1.14.0                   py37_0    defaults
snappy                    1.1.7                hbae5bb6_3    defaults
snowballstemmer           2.0.0                      py_0    defaults
sortedcollections         1.1.2                    py37_0    defaults
sortedcontainers          2.1.0                    py37_0    defaults
soupsieve                 1.9.5                    py37_0    defaults
sphinx                    2.4.0                      py_0    defaults
sphinxcontrib             1.0                      py37_1    defaults
sphinxcontrib-applehelp   1.0.1                      py_0    defaults
sphinxcontrib-devhelp     1.0.1                      py_0    defaults
sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp    1.0.2                      py_0    defaults
sphinxcontrib-jsmath      1.0.1                      py_0    defaults
sphinxcontrib-qthelp      1.0.2                      py_0    defaults
sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml 1.1.3                      py_0    defaults
sphinxcontrib-websupport  1.2.0                      py_0    defaults
spyder                    4.0.1                    py37_0    defaults
spyder-kernels            1.8.1                    py37_0    defaults
sqlalchemy                1.3.13           py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
sqlite                    3.31.1               h7b6447c_0    defaults
statsmodels               0.11.0           py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
sympy                     1.5.1                    py37_0    defaults
tbb                       2020.0               hfd86e86_0    defaults
tblib                     1.6.0                      py_0    defaults
terminado                 0.8.3                    py37_0    defaults
testpath                  0.4.4                      py_0    defaults
tk                        8.6.8                hbc83047_0    defaults
toolz                     0.10.0                     py_0    defaults
tornado                   6.0.3            py37h7b6447c_3    defaults
tqdm                      4.42.1                     py_0    defaults
traitlets                 4.3.3                    py37_0    defaults
ujson                     1.35             py37h14c3975_0    defaults
unicodecsv                0.14.1                   py37_0    defaults
unixodbc                  2.3.7                h14c3975_0    defaults
urllib3                   1.25.8                   py37_0    defaults
watchdog                  0.10.2                   py37_0    defaults
wcwidth                   0.1.8                      py_0    defaults
webencodings              0.5.1                    py37_1    defaults
werkzeug                  1.0.0                      py_0    defaults
wheel                     0.34.2                   py37_0    defaults
widgetsnbextension        3.5.1                    py37_0    defaults
wrapt                     1.11.2           py37h7b6447c_0    defaults
wurlitzer                 2.0.0                    py37_0    defaults
xlrd                      1.2.0                    py37_0    defaults
xlsxwriter                1.2.7                      py_0    defaults
xlwt                      1.3.0                    py37_0    defaults
xmltodict                 0.12.0                     py_0    defaults
xz                        5.2.4                h14c3975_4    defaults
yaml                      0.1.7                had09818_2    defaults
yapf                      0.28.0                     py_0    defaults
zeromq                    4.3.1                he6710b0_3    defaults
zict                      1.0.0                      py_0    defaults
zipp                      2.2.0                      py_0    defaults
zlib                      1.2.11               h7b6447c_3    defaults
zstd                      1.3.7                h0b5b093_0    defaults

大家自己查查就是了。里面有python,用-V查版本:

(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ python -V
Python 3.7.6

刚才自己建立了一个名为“mypython36”的环境,接下来要激活此环境。
例如我先新建

conda create -n mypython36 python

结果会提示我已经有这样的一个环境了,是否需要移除?

lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda create -n mypython36 python
WARNING: A conda environment already exists at '/home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/mypython36'
Remove existing environment (y/[n])? 

为了说明更全面,我选择y,就是移除并重建:

lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda create -n mypython36 python
WARNING: A conda environment already exists at '/home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/mypython36'
Remove existing environment (y/[n])? y

Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done


==> WARNING: A newer version of conda exists. <==
  current version: 4.8.2
  latest version: 4.8.3

Please update conda by running

    $ conda update -n base -c defaults conda



## Package Plan ##

  environment location: /home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/mypython36

  added / updated specs:
    - python


The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:

  certifi            anaconda/pkgs/free/linux-64::certifi-2016.2.28-py36_0
  openssl            anaconda/pkgs/free/linux-64::openssl-1.0.2l-0
  pip                anaconda/pkgs/free/linux-64::pip-9.0.1-py36_1
  python             anaconda/pkgs/free/linux-64::python-3.6.2-0
  readline           anaconda/pkgs/free/linux-64::readline-6.2-2
  setuptools         anaconda/pkgs/free/linux-64::setuptools-36.4.0-py36_1
  sqlite             anaconda/pkgs/free/linux-64::sqlite-3.13.0-0
  tk                 anaconda/pkgs/free/linux-64::tk-8.5.18-0
  wheel              anaconda/pkgs/free/linux-64::wheel-0.29.0-py36_0
  xz                 anaconda/pkgs/free/linux-64::xz-5.2.3-0
  zlib               anaconda/pkgs/free/linux-64::zlib-1.2.11-0


Proceed ([y]/n)? y

Preparing transaction: done
Verifying transaction: done
Executing transaction: done
#
# To activate this environment, use
#
#     $ conda activate mypython36
#
# To deactivate an active environment, use
#
#     $ conda deactivate

lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ source activate mypython36
bash: activate: 没有那个文件或目录
lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda activate mypython36
(mypython36) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ 

这里有几个注意的提示:

  1. 有新的conda可以更新,并给出了更新的命令:
==> WARNING: A newer version of conda exists. <==
  current version: 4.8.2
  latest version: 4.8.3

Please update conda by running

    $ conda update -n base -c defaults conda

2.激活和去激活这个环境方法

# To activate this environment, use
#
#     $ conda activate mypython36
#
# To deactivate an active environment, use
#
#     $ conda deactivate

就是用“conda activate+ 环境名”来激活用“conda deactivate”来去激活。
前两年我记得还是用source来激活的现在就不一样了?试一试的结果也再上面有了:

lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ source activate mypython36
bash: activate: 没有那个文件或目录
lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda activate mypython36
(mypython36) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ 

问:去激活怎么没有“环境名”?我认为是同时虽然能激活多个环境,但是环境之间是按照压栈方法来管理的,就是说,先进来的后出去,后进来的认为是当前的焦点,所以对激活的环境,那么就默认了去激活也是对最后进入的这个激活的环境操作了。注意看看上面最后一行那个小括号:“(mypython36) ”和前面不指定环境直接用conda activate不带环境名激活的“(base)”的不同。看看下面的例子体会一下。

(mypython36) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda deactivate
lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda activate
(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda activate mypython36
(mypython36) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda deactivate
(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda deactivate
lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda activate mypython36
(mypython36) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda activate
(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda deactivate
(mypython36) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda deactivate
lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ 


如果不使用了,则删除环境:

conda remove -n mypython36 –-all

但是要注意,需要从这个待移除的环境当中退出来才可以删除这个环境。

(mypython36) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda remove -n mypython36 --all

CondaEnvironmentError: cannot remove current environment. deactivate and run conda remove again

(mypython36) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda deactivate
(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda remove -n mypython36 --all

Remove all packages in environment /home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/mypython36:


## Package Plan ##

  environment location: /home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/mypython36


The following packages will be REMOVED:

  certifi-2016.2.28-py36_0
  openssl-1.0.2l-0
  pip-9.0.1-py36_1
  python-3.6.2-0
  readline-6.2-2
  setuptools-36.4.0-py36_1
  sqlite-3.13.0-0
  tk-8.5.18-0
  wheel-0.29.0-py36_0
  xz-5.2.3-0
  zlib-1.2.11-0


Proceed ([y]/n)? y

Preparing transaction: done
Verifying transaction: done
Executing transaction: done
(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ 

1.1.5 包安装

以matplotlib为例:

conda install matplotlib#安装包
# 查看已安装的包
conda list 
# 包更新
conda update matplotlib 
# 删除包
 conda remove matplotlib

另外对于环境的更新:

# 更新conda本身
 conda update conda
 # 更新anaconda 应用 
conda update anaconda 
# 更新python,假设当前python环境是3.6.1,而最新版本是3.6.2,那么就会升级到3.6.2 
conda update python

环境搭建好之后就可以开始愉快地玩数据分析了。
要注意的是,镜像源地址的版本一般都会比默认源的旧,如果不能保证版本一致,可能会有不一致导致的故障发生。由于无论conda的共享库还是某个特定加载的Anaconda环境,都会从配置地址( ~/.condarc)当中读取源库列表,那么在安装和更新库的时候就要注意一下版本。比如我要安装matplotlib的时候,就要先检查一下本地共享库当中的版本是否更新,如果已经有且更新,那就没有必要进行update,否则会因为更新源的版本较低而拉低本地的版本,或者让特定Anaconda环境中的库和本地共享库的版本不一致。
(2017年11月30日)关于这点还要说明一下:
在家里安装了同样的环境之后发现,比如对于tensorflow在没有激活任何Anaconda环境的时候,安装:conda install tensorflow,然后使用jupyter notebook无论是否进入环境都可以执行tensorflow的例子程序“./helloTensorflow.py ”,但是,在终端下运行要“python ./helloTensorflow.py ”才正确运行(以往只要“./helloTensorflow.py”则可),否则会报错:“ImportError: No module named tensorflow”。可是在新建的mypython36和mypython27两个环境当中,终端直接运行都是不可以的,只有激活环境之后(source avtivate XXX)使用终端也安装了“conda install tensorflow”才可以运行.但是jupyter notebook只要在系统中安装了tensorflow就可以运行。是不是在new新文件的时候环境选择有问题?这个不太好测试,因为我在mypython2.7和3.6当中都安装了tensorflow了。

2020年06月21日更新:

再说说这个更新源的事情,今天尝试下载了一下opencv发现根本解析不过去,一直处于:

(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda install -c conda-forge opencv
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: \ failed with initial frozen solve. Retrying with flexible solve.
CondaError: KeyboardInterrupt

于是CTR+C中断了。
查看了文章:

conda channel的镜像设置

首先,conda config --show能够显示出所有conda的config信息。
如果我们只想看channels的信息,输入conda config --show channels即可,如下:

输入了一下看看结果:

(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda config --show channels
channels:
  - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
  - defaults
(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ 

看来,我们更改更新源是对的,那么问题就应该是镜像源出问题了,过期了。
于是更换镜像源:
到这里找清华的更新源
清华更新源
由于之前是用超级用户自己新建的condarc文件,这样用户权限就是root的,所以现在进去删除“sudo rm .condarc"然后再运行

conda config --set show_channel_urls yes

就可以生成当前用户的的.condarc文件了,然后按照清华更新源说的更改。然后发现opencv的更新还是很慢,但是python的下载就很快,这个只能说明这个更新源里面没有opencv。
可是通过
conda search opencv
查看,发现到处都有opencv

(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~$ conda search opencv
Loading channels: done
# Name                       Version           Build  Channel             
opencv                         2.4.2      np15py26_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.2      np15py26_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.2      np15py27_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.2      np15py27_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.2      np16py26_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.2      np16py26_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.2      np16py27_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.2      np16py27_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.2      np17py26_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.2      np17py26_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.2      np17py27_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.2      np17py27_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.6      np16py26_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.6      np16py27_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.6      np17py26_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.6      np17py27_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.6      np18py26_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.6      np18py27_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                         2.4.9      np18py27_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                        2.4.10     np110py27_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                        2.4.10      np19py26_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                        2.4.10      np19py26_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                        2.4.10      np19py27_0  pkgs/free           
opencv                        2.4.10      np19py27_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         3.1.0     np111py27_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         3.1.0     np111py34_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         3.1.0     np111py35_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         3.1.0     np112py27_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         3.1.0     np112py35_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         3.1.0     np112py36_1  pkgs/free           
opencv                         3.3.1  py27h17fce66_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py27h61133dd_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py27h6cbbc71_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py27h9248ab4_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py27h9bb06ff_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py27hdcf4849_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py35h0b7da17_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py35h61133dd_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py35h6cbbc71_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py35h9248ab4_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py35h9bb06ff_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py35hb7523de_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py36h0a11808_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py36h0f6f1c3_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py36h61133dd_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py36h6cbbc71_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py36h9248ab4_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.3.1  py36h9bb06ff_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py27h40b0b35_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py27h40b0b35_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py27h40b0b35_3  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py27h6fd60c2_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py27h6fd60c2_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py27h6fd60c2_3  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py35h40b0b35_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py35h40b0b35_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py35h6fd60c2_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py35h6fd60c2_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py36h40b0b35_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py36h40b0b35_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py36h40b0b35_3  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py36h6fd60c2_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py36h6fd60c2_2  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py36h6fd60c2_3  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py37h40b0b35_3  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.1  py37h6fd60c2_3  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py27h40b0b35_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py27h40b0b35_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py27h6fd60c2_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py27h6fd60c2_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py35h40b0b35_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py35h40b0b35_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py35h6fd60c2_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py35h6fd60c2_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py36h40b0b35_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py36h40b0b35_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py36h6fd60c2_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py36h6fd60c2_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py37h40b0b35_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py37h40b0b35_1  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py37h6fd60c2_0  pkgs/main           
opencv                         3.4.2  py37h6fd60c2_1  pkgs/main    

那怎么下载那么费劲?
想了想,python刚才是怎么虚拟的环境?

conda create -n mypython python

那么我们是不是可以用这种方法建立opencv?
照猫画虎:

conda create -n myopencv opencv

试一试:

(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~$ conda create -n myopencv opencv
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done

## Package Plan ##

  environment location: /home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/myopencv

  added / updated specs:
    - opencv


The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:

  _libgcc_mutex      pkgs/main/linux-64::_libgcc_mutex-0.1-main
  blas               pkgs/main/linux-64::blas-1.0-mkl
  bzip2              pkgs/main/linux-64::bzip2-1.0.8-h7b6447c_0
  ca-certificates    pkgs/main/linux-64::ca-certificates-2020.1.1-0
  cairo              pkgs/main/linux-64::cairo-1.14.12-h8948797_3
  certifi            pkgs/main/linux-64::certifi-2020.4.5.2-py37_0
  ffmpeg             pkgs/main/linux-64::ffmpeg-4.0-hcdf2ecd_0
  fontconfig         pkgs/main/linux-64::fontconfig-2.13.0-h9420a91_0
  freeglut           pkgs/main/linux-64::freeglut-3.0.0-hf484d3e_5
  freetype           pkgs/main/linux-64::freetype-2.10.2-h5ab3b9f_0
  glib               pkgs/main/linux-64::glib-2.63.1-h3eb4bd4_1
  graphite2          pkgs/main/linux-64::graphite2-1.3.13-h23475e2_0
  harfbuzz           pkgs/main/linux-64::harfbuzz-1.8.8-hffaf4a1_0
  hdf5               pkgs/main/linux-64::hdf5-1.10.2-hba1933b_1
  icu                pkgs/main/linux-64::icu-58.2-he6710b0_3
  intel-openmp       pkgs/main/linux-64::intel-openmp-2020.1-217
  jasper             pkgs/main/linux-64::jasper-2.0.14-h07fcdf6_1
  jpeg               pkgs/main/linux-64::jpeg-9b-h024ee3a_2
  ld_impl_linux-64   pkgs/main/linux-64::ld_impl_linux-64-2.33.1-h53a641e_7
  libedit            pkgs/main/linux-64::libedit-3.1.20191231-h7b6447c_0
  libffi             pkgs/main/linux-64::libffi-3.3-he6710b0_1
  libgcc-ng          pkgs/main/linux-64::libgcc-ng-9.1.0-hdf63c60_0
  libgfortran-ng     pkgs/main/linux-64::libgfortran-ng-7.3.0-hdf63c60_0
  libglu             pkgs/main/linux-64::libglu-9.0.0-hf484d3e_1
  libopencv          pkgs/main/linux-64::libopencv-3.4.2-hb342d67_1
  libopus            pkgs/main/linux-64::libopus-1.3.1-h7b6447c_0
  libpng             pkgs/main/linux-64::libpng-1.6.37-hbc83047_0
  libstdcxx-ng       pkgs/main/linux-64::libstdcxx-ng-9.1.0-hdf63c60_0
  libtiff            pkgs/main/linux-64::libtiff-4.1.0-h2733197_1
  libuuid            pkgs/main/linux-64::libuuid-1.0.3-h1bed415_2
  libvpx             pkgs/main/linux-64::libvpx-1.7.0-h439df22_0
  libxcb             pkgs/main/linux-64::libxcb-1.13-h1bed415_1
  libxml2            pkgs/main/linux-64::libxml2-2.9.10-he19cac6_1
  lz4-c              pkgs/main/linux-64::lz4-c-1.9.2-he6710b0_0
  mkl                pkgs/main/linux-64::mkl-2020.1-217
  mkl-service        pkgs/main/linux-64::mkl-service-2.3.0-py37he904b0f_0
  mkl_fft            pkgs/main/linux-64::mkl_fft-1.1.0-py37h23d657b_0
  mkl_random         pkgs/main/linux-64::mkl_random-1.1.1-py37h0573a6f_0
  ncurses            pkgs/main/linux-64::ncurses-6.2-he6710b0_1
  numpy              pkgs/main/linux-64::numpy-1.18.1-py37h4f9e942_0
  numpy-base         pkgs/main/linux-64::numpy-base-1.18.1-py37hde5b4d6_1
  opencv             pkgs/main/linux-64::opencv-3.4.2-py37h6fd60c2_1
  openssl            pkgs/main/linux-64::openssl-1.1.1g-h7b6447c_0
  pcre               pkgs/main/linux-64::pcre-8.43-he6710b0_0
  pip                pkgs/main/linux-64::pip-20.1.1-py37_1
  pixman             pkgs/main/linux-64::pixman-0.38.0-h7b6447c_0
  py-opencv          pkgs/main/linux-64::py-opencv-3.4.2-py37hb342d67_1
  python             pkgs/main/linux-64::python-3.7.7-hcff3b4d_5
  readline           pkgs/main/linux-64::readline-8.0-h7b6447c_0
  setuptools         pkgs/main/linux-64::setuptools-47.3.0-py37_0
  six                pkgs/main/noarch::six-1.15.0-py_0
  sqlite             pkgs/main/linux-64::sqlite-3.32.2-h62c20be_0
  tk                 pkgs/main/linux-64::tk-8.6.10-hbc83047_0
  wheel              pkgs/main/linux-64::wheel-0.34.2-py37_0
  xz                 pkgs/main/linux-64::xz-5.2.5-h7b6447c_0
  zlib               pkgs/main/linux-64::zlib-1.2.11-h7b6447c_3
  zstd               pkgs/main/linux-64::zstd-1.4.4-h0b5b093_3


Proceed ([y]/n)? y

Preparing transaction: done
Verifying transaction: done
Executing transaction: done
#
# To activate this environment, use
#
#     $ conda activate myopencv
#
# To deactivate an active environment, use
#
#     $ conda deactivate

看来成功了,里面有opencv也有py-opencv,测试一下是不是可以。
先载入环境,然后打开python,然后调用cv2:

(base) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~$ conda activate myopencv
(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~$ python
Python 3.7.7 (default, May  7 2020, 21:25:33) 
[GCC 7.3.0] :: Anaconda, Inc. on linux
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> import cv2

看来很ok。

2021年1月5日 更新开始
用这段代码更新就是了

pip install opencv-python

2021年1月5日更新结束
上述操作参考文档链接:opencv安装

看看这个环境里面安装了什么软件:

(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~$ conda list
# packages in environment at /home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/myopencv:
#
# Name                    Version                   Build  Channel
_libgcc_mutex             0.1                        main    defaults
blas                      1.0                         mkl    defaults
bzip2                     1.0.8                h7b6447c_0    defaults
ca-certificates           2020.1.1                      0    defaults
cairo                     1.14.12              h8948797_3    defaults
certifi                   2020.4.5.2               py37_0    defaults
ffmpeg                    4.0                  hcdf2ecd_0    defaults
fontconfig                2.13.0               h9420a91_0    defaults
freeglut                  3.0.0                hf484d3e_5    defaults
freetype                  2.10.2               h5ab3b9f_0    defaults
glib                      2.63.1               h3eb4bd4_1    defaults
graphite2                 1.3.13               h23475e2_0    defaults
harfbuzz                  1.8.8                hffaf4a1_0    defaults
hdf5                      1.10.2               hba1933b_1    defaults
icu                       58.2                 he6710b0_3    defaults
intel-openmp              2020.1                      217    defaults
jasper                    2.0.14               h07fcdf6_1    defaults
jpeg                      9b                   h024ee3a_2    defaults
ld_impl_linux-64          2.33.1               h53a641e_7    defaults
libedit                   3.1.20191231         h7b6447c_0    defaults
libffi                    3.3                  he6710b0_1    defaults
libgcc-ng                 9.1.0                hdf63c60_0    defaults
libgfortran-ng            7.3.0                hdf63c60_0    defaults
libglu                    9.0.0                hf484d3e_1    defaults
libopencv                 3.4.2                hb342d67_1    defaults
libopus                   1.3.1                h7b6447c_0    defaults
libpng                    1.6.37               hbc83047_0    defaults
libstdcxx-ng              9.1.0                hdf63c60_0    defaults
libtiff                   4.1.0                h2733197_1    defaults
libuuid                   1.0.3                h1bed415_2    defaults
libvpx                    1.7.0                h439df22_0    defaults
libxcb                    1.13                 h1bed415_1    defaults
libxml2                   2.9.10               he19cac6_1    defaults
lz4-c                     1.9.2                he6710b0_0    defaults
mkl                       2020.1                      217    defaults
mkl-service               2.3.0            py37he904b0f_0    defaults
mkl_fft                   1.1.0            py37h23d657b_0    defaults
mkl_random                1.1.1            py37h0573a6f_0    defaults
ncurses                   6.2                  he6710b0_1    defaults
numpy                     1.18.1           py37h4f9e942_0    defaults
numpy-base                1.18.1           py37hde5b4d6_1    defaults
opencv                    3.4.2            py37h6fd60c2_1    defaults
openssl                   1.1.1g               h7b6447c_0    defaults
pcre                      8.43                 he6710b0_0    defaults
pip                       20.1.1                   py37_1    defaults
pixman                    0.38.0               h7b6447c_0    defaults
py-opencv                 3.4.2            py37hb342d67_1    defaults
python                    3.7.7                hcff3b4d_5    defaults
readline                  8.0                  h7b6447c_0    defaults
setuptools                47.3.0                   py37_0    defaults
six                       1.15.0                     py_0    defaults
sqlite                    3.32.2               h62c20be_0    defaults
tk                        8.6.10               hbc83047_0    defaults
wheel                     0.34.2                   py37_0    defaults
xz                        5.2.5                h7b6447c_0    defaults
zlib                      1.2.11               h7b6447c_3    defaults
zstd                      1.4.4                h0b5b093_3    defaults

很好,可以看到

opencv 3.4.2 py37h6fd60c2_1 defaults
python 3.7.7 hcff3b4d_5 defaults

都在,如果想要新增其他的包,那么就自己安装就是了:
比如里面没有jupyter notebook,那么就安装:

conda install jupyter notebook

(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~$ conda install jupyter notebook
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done

## Package Plan ##

  environment location: /home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/myopencv

  added / updated specs:
    - jupyter
    - notebook


The following packages will be downloaded:

    package                    |            build
    ---------------------------|-----------------
    attrs-19.3.0               |             py_0          40 KB  defaults
    backcall-0.2.0             |             py_0          15 KB  defaults
    bleach-3.1.5               |             py_0         116 KB  defaults
    dbus-1.13.14               |       hb2f20db_0         504 KB  defaults
    decorator-4.4.2            |             py_0          14 KB  defaults
    defusedxml-0.6.0           |             py_0          23 KB  defaults
    gstreamer-1.14.0           |       hb31296c_0         3.1 MB  defaults
    importlib-metadata-1.6.1   |           py37_0          51 KB  defaults
    importlib_metadata-1.6.1   |                0          10 KB  defaults
    ipykernel-5.3.0            |   py37h5ca1d4c_0         177 KB  defaults
    ipython-7.15.0             |           py37_0         981 KB  defaults
    ipywidgets-7.5.1           |             py_0         104 KB  defaults
    jedi-0.17.0                |           py37_0         775 KB  defaults
    jinja2-2.11.2              |             py_0         103 KB  defaults
    jupyter_client-6.1.3       |             py_0          82 KB  defaults
    jupyter_core-4.6.3         |           py37_0          71 KB  defaults
    nbformat-5.0.7             |             py_0          89 KB  defaults
    packaging-20.4             |             py_0          36 KB  defaults
    parso-0.7.0                |             py_0          72 KB  defaults
    prometheus_client-0.8.0    |             py_0          47 KB  defaults
    prompt-toolkit-3.0.5       |             py_0         245 KB  defaults
    prompt_toolkit-3.0.5       |                0          11 KB  defaults
    pygments-2.6.1             |             py_0         654 KB  defaults
    pyparsing-2.4.7            |             py_0          65 KB  defaults
    pyrsistent-0.16.0          |   py37h7b6447c_0          94 KB  defaults
    python-dateutil-2.8.1      |             py_0         215 KB  defaults
    qtconsole-4.7.4            |             py_0          95 KB  defaults
    qtpy-1.9.0                 |             py_0          38 KB  defaults
    testpath-0.4.4             |             py_0          82 KB  defaults
    tornado-6.0.4              |   py37h7b6447c_1         611 KB  defaults
    wcwidth-0.2.4              |             py_0          29 KB  defaults
    zipp-3.1.0                 |             py_0          13 KB  defaults
    ------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Total:         8.4 MB

The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:

  attrs              pkgs/main/noarch::attrs-19.3.0-py_0
  backcall           pkgs/main/noarch::backcall-0.2.0-py_0
  bleach             pkgs/main/noarch::bleach-3.1.5-py_0
  dbus               pkgs/main/linux-64::dbus-1.13.14-hb2f20db_0
  decorator          pkgs/main/noarch::decorator-4.4.2-py_0
  defusedxml         pkgs/main/noarch::defusedxml-0.6.0-py_0
  entrypoints        pkgs/main/linux-64::entrypoints-0.3-py37_0
  expat              pkgs/main/linux-64::expat-2.2.6-he6710b0_0
  gmp                pkgs/main/linux-64::gmp-6.1.2-h6c8ec71_1
  gst-plugins-base   pkgs/main/linux-64::gst-plugins-base-1.14.0-hbbd80ab_1
  gstreamer          pkgs/main/linux-64::gstreamer-1.14.0-hb31296c_0
  importlib-metadata pkgs/main/linux-64::importlib-metadata-1.6.1-py37_0
  importlib_metadata pkgs/main/noarch::importlib_metadata-1.6.1-0
  ipykernel          pkgs/main/linux-64::ipykernel-5.3.0-py37h5ca1d4c_0
  ipython            pkgs/main/linux-64::ipython-7.15.0-py37_0
  ipython_genutils   pkgs/main/linux-64::ipython_genutils-0.2.0-py37_0
  ipywidgets         pkgs/main/noarch::ipywidgets-7.5.1-py_0
  jedi               pkgs/main/linux-64::jedi-0.17.0-py37_0
  jinja2             pkgs/main/noarch::jinja2-2.11.2-py_0
  jsonschema         pkgs/main/linux-64::jsonschema-3.2.0-py37_0
  jupyter            pkgs/main/linux-64::jupyter-1.0.0-py37_7
  jupyter_client     pkgs/main/noarch::jupyter_client-6.1.3-py_0
  jupyter_console    pkgs/main/noarch::jupyter_console-6.1.0-py_0
  jupyter_core       pkgs/main/linux-64::jupyter_core-4.6.3-py37_0
  libsodium          pkgs/main/linux-64::libsodium-1.0.16-h1bed415_0
  markupsafe         pkgs/main/linux-64::markupsafe-1.1.1-py37h7b6447c_0
  mistune            pkgs/main/linux-64::mistune-0.8.4-py37h7b6447c_0
  nbconvert          pkgs/main/linux-64::nbconvert-5.6.1-py37_0
  nbformat           pkgs/main/noarch::nbformat-5.0.7-py_0
  notebook           pkgs/main/linux-64::notebook-6.0.3-py37_0
  packaging          pkgs/main/noarch::packaging-20.4-py_0
  pandoc             pkgs/main/linux-64::pandoc-2.2.3.2-0
  pandocfilters      pkgs/main/linux-64::pandocfilters-1.4.2-py37_1
  parso              pkgs/main/noarch::parso-0.7.0-py_0
  pexpect            pkgs/main/linux-64::pexpect-4.8.0-py37_0
  pickleshare        pkgs/main/linux-64::pickleshare-0.7.5-py37_0
  prometheus_client  pkgs/main/noarch::prometheus_client-0.8.0-py_0
  prompt-toolkit     pkgs/main/noarch::prompt-toolkit-3.0.5-py_0
  prompt_toolkit     pkgs/main/noarch::prompt_toolkit-3.0.5-0
  ptyprocess         pkgs/main/linux-64::ptyprocess-0.6.0-py37_0
  pygments           pkgs/main/noarch::pygments-2.6.1-py_0
  pyparsing          pkgs/main/noarch::pyparsing-2.4.7-py_0
  pyqt               pkgs/main/linux-64::pyqt-5.9.2-py37h05f1152_2
  pyrsistent         pkgs/main/linux-64::pyrsistent-0.16.0-py37h7b6447c_0
  python-dateutil    pkgs/main/noarch::python-dateutil-2.8.1-py_0
  pyzmq              pkgs/main/linux-64::pyzmq-18.1.1-py37he6710b0_0
  qt                 pkgs/main/linux-64::qt-5.9.7-h5867ecd_1
  qtconsole          pkgs/main/noarch::qtconsole-4.7.4-py_0
  qtpy               pkgs/main/noarch::qtpy-1.9.0-py_0
  send2trash         pkgs/main/linux-64::send2trash-1.5.0-py37_0
  sip                pkgs/main/linux-64::sip-4.19.8-py37hf484d3e_0
  terminado          pkgs/main/linux-64::terminado-0.8.3-py37_0
  testpath           pkgs/main/noarch::testpath-0.4.4-py_0
  tornado            pkgs/main/linux-64::tornado-6.0.4-py37h7b6447c_1
  traitlets          pkgs/main/linux-64::traitlets-4.3.3-py37_0
  wcwidth            pkgs/main/noarch::wcwidth-0.2.4-py_0
  webencodings       pkgs/main/linux-64::webencodings-0.5.1-py37_1
  widgetsnbextension pkgs/main/linux-64::widgetsnbextension-3.5.1-py37_0
  zeromq             pkgs/main/linux-64::zeromq-4.3.1-he6710b0_3
  zipp               pkgs/main/noarch::zipp-3.1.0-py_0


Proceed ([y]/n)? y


Downloading and Extracting Packages
dbus-1.13.14         | 504 KB    | ##################################### | 100% 
prompt_toolkit-3.0.5 | 11 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
jupyter_client-6.1.3 | 82 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
jupyter_core-4.6.3   | 71 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
defusedxml-0.6.0     | 23 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
prompt-toolkit-3.0.5 | 245 KB    | ##################################### | 100% 
attrs-19.3.0         | 40 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
tornado-6.0.4        | 611 KB    | ##################################### | 100% 
wcwidth-0.2.4        | 29 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
nbformat-5.0.7       | 89 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
jedi-0.17.0          | 775 KB    | ##################################### | 100% 
jinja2-2.11.2        | 103 KB    | ##################################### | 100% 
gstreamer-1.14.0     | 3.1 MB    | ##################################### | 100% 
pyparsing-2.4.7      | 65 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
parso-0.7.0          | 72 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
qtconsole-4.7.4      | 95 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
packaging-20.4       | 36 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
python-dateutil-2.8. | 215 KB    | ##################################### | 100% 
pygments-2.6.1       | 654 KB    | ##################################### | 100% 
importlib-metadata-1 | 51 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
decorator-4.4.2      | 14 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
importlib_metadata-1 | 10 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
ipython-7.15.0       | 981 KB    | ##################################### | 100% 
prometheus_client-0. | 47 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
ipywidgets-7.5.1     | 104 KB    | ##################################### | 100% 
bleach-3.1.5         | 116 KB    | ##################################### | 100% 
ipykernel-5.3.0      | 177 KB    | ##################################### | 100% 
pyrsistent-0.16.0    | 94 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
zipp-3.1.0           | 13 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
qtpy-1.9.0           | 38 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
backcall-0.2.0       | 15 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
testpath-0.4.4       | 82 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
Preparing transaction: done
Verifying transaction: done
Executing transaction: done

还算挺快。

1.2 jupyter notebook 可以做哪些事情?

参考链接:

1.2.1 安装jupyter

同上

1.2.2 运行

打开终端运行

jupyter notebook

但是如果是在windows当中用Anaconda prompt运行就会发现很多麻烦,因为为了让Anaconda prompt执行能够具有管理员权限,所以需要以管理员身份运行Anaconda prompt,但是这样一来,默认的路径就会到了c:\windows\system32下了,这里如果直接运行jupyter notebook就会因为路径当中有太多的文件导致运行十分低效,刷新很慢。而且因为是在非常重要的文件夹下,进行文件调试和生成也诸多不安全。于是可以用如下命令让当前环境转到D:盘下去:

(base) C:\Windows\system32>d:

(base) D:\>cd  D:\work\programStudy\AIFarm

(base) D:\work\programStudy\AIFarm>

1.2.3 使用step by step

1. 环境自动关联:
conda install nb_conda,该包可以将conda中创建的环境自动关联到你的notebook中。
先CTR+C退出jupyter 服务,然后运行"conda install nb_conda"

(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~$ conda install nb_conda
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done

## Package Plan ##

  environment location: /home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/myopencv

  added / updated specs:
    - nb_conda


The following packages will be downloaded:

    package                    |            build
    ---------------------------|-----------------
    nb_conda-2.2.1             |           py37_0          32 KB  defaults
    nb_conda_kernels-2.2.3     |           py37_0          39 KB  defaults
    ------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Total:          71 KB

The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:

  nb_conda           pkgs/main/linux-64::nb_conda-2.2.1-py37_0
  nb_conda_kernels   pkgs/main/linux-64::nb_conda_kernels-2.2.3-py37_0


Proceed ([y]/n)? y


Downloading and Extracting Packages
nb_conda-2.2.1       | 32 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
nb_conda_kernels-2.2 | 39 KB     | ##################################### | 100% 
Preparing transaction: done
Verifying transaction: done
Executing transaction: \ b'Enabling nb_conda_kernels...\nStatus: enabled\n'
| b'Enabling notebook extension nb_conda/main...\n      - Validating: \x1b[32mOK\x1b[0m\nEnabling tree extension nb_conda/tree...\n      - Validating: \x1b[32mOK\x1b[0m\nEnabling: nb_conda\n- Writing config: /home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/myopencv/etc/jupyter\n    - Validating...\n      nb_conda 2.2.1 \x1b[32mOK\x1b[0m\n'
done


再打开jupyter notebook
未关联之前是这样的:
这里写图片描述
关联之后是这样的:
用ART+ printscr键截图

在这里插入图片描述
局部截图怎么做?
Shift+printscr
在这里插入图片描述
要查看Anaconda有几个环境,运行:
conda env list
得到结果:

(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~$ conda env list 
# conda environments:
#
base                     /home/lucky/anaconda3
myopencv              *  /home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/myopencv
mypython                 /home/lucky/anaconda3/envs/mypython

这就是刚才我们建立的几个环境。
有人问,上图jupyter界面新建环境当中怎么没有mypython?当然,我们是再myopencv当中安装的jupyter notebook所以,jupyter notebook没有mypython是对的。

2. 在Anaconda终端运行代码自动补全命令:

pip install jupyter_contrib_nbextensions
jupyter contrib nbextension install --user
pip install --user jupyter_nbextensions_configurator
jupyter contrib nbextension install --user --skip-running-check

上述的pip命令用之前的代码是会出问题的:

(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~$ pip install jupyter_contrib_nbextensions
Configuration file could not be loaded.
Source contains parsing errors: '/home/lucky/.pip/pip.conf'
	[line  2]: 'trusted\n'

那个’/home/lucky/.pip/pip.conf’是豆瓣的源,现在用阿里云的源就好了。
进入当前用户的.pip文件夹查看pip.conf文件:

(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~$ cd .pip
(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ gedit .condarc
(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ gedit pip.conf
(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ ls
pip.conf
(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ ls -all
总用量 12
drwxr-xr-x  2 lucky lucky 4096 621 09:51 .
drwxr-xr-x 25 lucky lucky 4096 621 12:39 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 root  root    87 621 07:43 pip.conf

发现这个pip.conf居然是root权限的,于是删除重新建当前用户权限的文件:

(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ sudo rm pip.conf 
[sudo] lucky 的密码: 
(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ gedit pip.conf
(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ ls -all
总用量 12
drwxr-xr-x  2 lucky lucky 4096 621 12:59 .
drwxr-xr-x 25 lucky lucky 4096 621 12:39 ..
-rw-r--r--  1 lucky lucky  105 621 12:59 pip.conf

现在这个pip.conf是当前用户权限了,于是接着写入以下内容:

[global]
index-url = http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple/
 
[install]
trusted-host=mirrors.aliyun.com

存盘,再进行测试pip:

(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~/.pip$ conda install pip
Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done

# All requested packages already installed.


说明pip已经有了,而且表现很正常。
此时再运行前面的那四句安装代码

pip install jupyter_contrib_nbextensions
jupyter contrib nbextension install --user
pip install --user jupyter_nbextensions_configurator
jupyter contrib nbextension install --user --skip-running-check

将上述步骤执行完之后一切正常,而且速度挺快的。
这时按参考材料所述“这个时候就出现了Nbextensions,勾选Hinterland。有需要其他扩展的根据需要进行勾选”,但是没有见到勾选,都是叉叉,还选不了。于是到处找资料都没有看到结果,都是说按照上述安装好就可以了,勾选Hinterland就搞定了。于是去国外搜了搜,果然有说明,还是stack overflow厉害,啥都有解说:
针对问题:

All jupyter contrib nbextensions are marked as possibly incompatible

解答说:
在这里插入图片描述
很简答,就是把这个适应性勾选项去掉就好了。
在这里插入图片描述
然后就一切正常了
在这里插入图片描述
其实就是插件相对于jupyter notebook版本滞后了。
查了查现在的版本:

(myopencv) lucky@lucky-ubuntu-Pc:~$ jupyter  --version
jupyter core     : 4.6.3
jupyter-notebook : 6.0.3
qtconsole        : 4.7.4
ipython          : 7.15.0
ipykernel        : 5.3.0
jupyter client   : 6.1.3
jupyter lab      : not installed
nbconvert        : 5.6.1
ipywidgets       : 7.5.1
nbformat         : 5.0.7
traitlets        : 4.3.3

看到jupyter版本是4.6.3,jupyter notebook版本是6.0.3。
上述插件支持版本:

Hinterland
Enable code autocompletion menu for every keypress in a code cell, instead of only enabling it with tab
section: notebook
require path: hinterland/hinterland
compatibility: 4.x, 5.x

支持4.X、5.X 版本,看来是这原因,不过能用就好了。

在windows当中用Anaconda prompt运行上述pip的安装的时候会报错

EnvironmentNotWritableError: The current user does not have write permissions to the target environm…

可以看到是说没有权限在相应的文件夹进行操作,解决方法:
使用管理员权限运行Anaconda prompt。

2021年1月5日09:19:08 更新开始

今天重新在windows10上安装anaconda,又温习了一遍本篇教程,发现新问题,于是记录。
问题:新建了myopencv环境,也按照上述方法进行了jupyter和插件的安装,但是运行jupyter notebook的时候就是没有看到 Nbextensions的设置栏出来。用了哪种教程都没有解决此问题。于是就出来看看其他的环境,于是退出myopencv,在base环境下进行上述插件安装,然后运行jupyter notebook,居然有Nbextensions的设置栏了,那说明还是环境设置问题。又测试了一下我新建的Python3.7的环境(用conda create -n mypython3.7 python=3.7建立),发现的确有差异。

(mypython37) PS D:\conda> conda list
# packages in environment at C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\envs\mypython37:
#
# Name                    Version                   Build  Channel
absl-py                   0.9.0            py37hc8dfbb8_1    conda-forge
astor                     0.8.1              pyh9f0ad1d_0    conda-forge
attrs                     19.3.0                     py_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
backcall                  0.2.0              pyh9f0ad1d_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
blas                      1.0                         mkl    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free
bleach                    3.1.0                    py37_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main
blosc                     1.19.0               ha925a31_0    conda-forge
brotli                    1.0.7             ha925a31_1004    conda-forge
bzip2                     1.0.8                hfa6e2cd_2    conda-forge
ca-certificates           2020.6.20            hecda079_0    conda-forge
certifi                   2020.6.20        py37hc8dfbb8_0    conda-forge
chardet                   3.0.4                    pypi_0    pypi
charls                    2.1.0                h33f27b4_2    conda-forge
click                     7.1.2                    pypi_0    pypi
cloudpickle               1.5.0                      py_0    conda-forge
colorama                  0.4.3                      py_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
cycler                    0.10.0                     py_2    conda-forge
cytoolz                   0.10.1           py37hfa6e2cd_0    conda-forge
dask-core                 2.20.0                     py_0    conda-forge
decorator                 4.4.2                      py_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
defusedxml                0.6.0                      py_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
entrypoints               0.3             py37hc8dfbb8_1001    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
freetype                  2.10.2               hd328e21_0    conda-forge
funcsigs                  1.0.2                    pypi_0    pypi
gast                      0.3.3                      py_0    conda-forge
giflib                    5.2.1                h2fa13f4_2    conda-forge
google-pasta              0.2.0              pyh8c360ce_0    conda-forge
grpcio                    1.30.0           py37h554427f_0    conda-forge
h5py                      2.10.0          nompi_py37hde23a51_103    conda-forge
hdf5                      1.10.6          nompi_ha405e13_100    conda-forge
icc_rt                    2019.0.0             h0cc432a_1    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main
icu                       64.2                 he025d50_1    conda-forge
idna                      2.10                     pypi_0    pypi
imagecodecs               2020.5.30        py37h92c78e3_2    conda-forge
imageio                   2.9.0                      py_0    conda-forge
importlib-metadata        1.7.0            py37hc8dfbb8_0    conda-forge
importlib_metadata        1.7.0                         0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
intel-openmp              2020.1                      216    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/main
ipykernel                 5.3.2            py37h5ca1d4c_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
ipython                   7.16.1           py37h43977f1_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
ipython_genutils          0.2.0                      py_1    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
ipywidgets                7.5.1                      py_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
jedi                      0.17.1           py37hc8dfbb8_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
jinja2                    2.11.2             pyh9f0ad1d_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
joblib                    0.16.0                   pypi_0    pypi
jpeg                      9d                   he774522_0    conda-forge
jsonschema                3.2.0            py37hc8dfbb8_1    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
jupyter                   1.0.0                      py_2    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
jupyter-contrib-core      0.3.3                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-contrib-nbextensions 0.5.1                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-highlight-selected-word 0.2.0                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-latex-envs        1.4.6                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-nbextensions-configurator 0.4.1                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter_client            5.3.3                      py_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
jupyter_console           6.1.0                      py_1    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
jupyter_core              4.5.0                      py_0    https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
jxrlib                    1.1                  hfa6e2cd_2    conda-forge
keras                     2.3.1            py37h21ff451_0    conda-forge

再和myopencv的比较一下:

(myopencv) PS D:\conda> conda list
# packages in environment at C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\envs\myopencv:
#
# Name                    Version                   Build  Channel
argon2-cffi               20.1.0           py39hb82d6ee_2    conda-forge
async_generator           1.10                       py_0    conda-forge
attrs                     20.3.0             pyhd3deb0d_0    conda-forge
backcall                  0.2.0              pyh9f0ad1d_0    conda-forge
backports                 1.0                        py_2    conda-forge
backports.functools_lru_cache 1.6.1                      py_0    conda-forge
bleach                    3.2.1              pyh9f0ad1d_0    conda-forge
ca-certificates           2020.12.5            h5b45459_0    conda-forge
certifi                   2020.12.5        py39hcbf5309_0    conda-forge
cffi                      1.14.4           py39h0878f49_1    conda-forge
colorama                  0.4.4              pyh9f0ad1d_0    conda-forge
decorator                 4.4.2                      py_0    conda-forge
defusedxml                0.6.0                      py_0    conda-forge
entrypoints               0.3             pyhd8ed1ab_1003    conda-forge
freeglut                  3.2.1                h0e60522_0    conda-forge
freetype                  2.10.4               h546665d_0    conda-forge
icu                       68.1                 h0e60522_0    conda-forge
importlib-metadata        3.3.0            py39hcbf5309_2    conda-forge
importlib_metadata        3.3.0                hd8ed1ab_2    conda-forge
intel-openmp              2020.3             h57928b3_311    conda-forge
ipykernel                 5.4.2            py39he1a07ef_0    conda-forge
ipython                   7.19.0           py39h832f523_0    conda-forge
ipython_genutils          0.2.0                      py_1    conda-forge
ipywidgets                7.6.2              pyhd3deb0d_1    conda-forge
jasper                    2.0.14               h77af90b_2    conda-forge
jedi                      0.18.0           py39hcbf5309_1    conda-forge
jinja2                    2.11.2             pyh9f0ad1d_0    conda-forge
jpeg                      9d                   h8ffe710_0    conda-forge
jsonschema                3.2.0                      py_2    conda-forge
jupyter                   1.0.0                      py_2    conda-forge
jupyter-contrib-core      0.3.3                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-contrib-nbextensions 0.5.1                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-highlight-selected-word 0.2.0                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-latex-envs        1.4.6                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter-nbextensions-configurator 0.4.1                    pypi_0    pypi
jupyter_client            6.1.7                      py_0    conda-forge
jupyter_console           6.2.0                      py_0    conda-forge
jupyter_core              4.7.0            py39hcbf5309_0    conda-forge
jupyterlab_pygments       0.1.2              pyh9f0ad1d_0    conda-forge
jupyterlab_widgets        1.0.0              pyhd8ed1ab_1    conda-forge
libblas                   3.9.0                     6_mkl    conda-forge

发现数据的“channel”都是conda-forge,不知道是不是这个源导致的。于是先移除myopencv,修改源出处。现在的源文件.condarc是这样的:

channels:
  - conda-forge
  - https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
  - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/
  - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/  
show_channel_urls: true

把第一个源“ - conda-forge”挪到最后面,重新保存

channels:
  - https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
  - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/
  - https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/pkgs/free/
  - conda-forge
show_channel_urls: true

删除myopencv:

(myopencv) PS D:\conda> conda deactivate
(base) PS D:\conda> conda remove -n myopencv --all

Remove all packages in environment C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\envs\myopencv:


## Package Plan ##

  environment location: C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\envs\myopencv


The following packages will be REMOVED:

  argon2-cffi-20.1.0-py39hb82d6ee_2
  async_generator-1.10-py_0
  attrs-20.3.0-pyhd3deb0d_0
  backcall-0.2.0-pyh9f0ad1d_0
  ...

重新建myopencv

(base) PS D:\conda> conda create -n myopencv opencv python=3.7
WARNING: A directory already exists at the target location 'C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\envs\myopencv'
but it is not a conda environment.
Continue creating environment (y/[n])? y

Collecting package metadata (current_repodata.json): done
Solving environment: done

## Package Plan ##

  environment location: C:\ProgramData\Anaconda3\envs\myopencv

  added / updated specs:
    - opencv
    - python=3.7


The following packages will be downloaded:

    package                    |            build
    ---------------------------|-----------------
    ca-certificates-2020.12.5  |       h5b45459_0         173 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    certifi-2020.12.5          |   py37h03978a9_0         143 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    freeglut-3.2.1             |       h0e60522_0         576 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    freetype-2.10.4            |       h546665d_0         493 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    icu-68.1                   |       h0e60522_0        16.3 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    intel-openmp-2020.3        |     h57928b3_311         2.0 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    jasper-2.0.14              |       h77af90b_1         667 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    jpeg-9d                    |       h8ffe710_0         366 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    libblas-3.9.0              |            4_mkl         3.9 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    libcblas-3.9.0             |            4_mkl         3.9 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    libclang-11.0.0            |default_h5c34c98_2        20.8 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    liblapack-3.9.0            |            4_mkl         3.9 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    liblapacke-3.9.0           |            4_mkl         3.9 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    libopencv-4.5.0            |           py37_4        46.8 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    libpng-1.6.37              |       h1d00b33_2         724 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    libtiff-4.2.0              |       hc10be44_0         1.1 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    libwebp-base-1.1.0         |       h8ffe710_3         366 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    lz4-c-1.9.3                |       h8ffe710_0         134 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    mkl-2020.4                 |     hb70f87d_311       172.4 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    numpy-1.19.4               |   py37hd20adf4_1         4.8 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    opencv-4.5.0               |           py37_4          23 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    openssl-1.1.1i             |       h8ffe710_0         5.8 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    pip-20.3.3                 |     pyhd8ed1ab_0         1.1 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    py-opencv-4.5.0            |   py37heaed05f_4          24 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    python-3.7.9               |h7840368_0_cpython        17.9 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    qt-5.12.9                  |       h5909a2a_2       106.1 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    setuptools-49.6.0          |   py37hf50a25e_2         919 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    sqlite-3.34.0              |       h8ffe710_0         1.2 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    vc-14.2                    |       hb210afc_2          12 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    vs2015_runtime-14.28.29325 |       h5e1d092_0         1.4 MB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    wheel-0.36.2               |     pyhd3deb0d_0          31 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    wincertstore-0.2           |py37hc8dfbb8_1005          15 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    xz-5.2.5                   |       h62dcd97_1         211 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    zlib-1.2.11                |    h62dcd97_1010         126 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    zstd-1.4.8                 |       h4e2f164_1         902 KB  https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/anaconda/cloud/conda-forge
    ------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Total:       418.9 MB

The following NEW packages will be INSTALLED:

  ca-certificates    anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::ca-certificates-2020.12.5-h5b45459_0
  certifi            anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::certifi-2020.12.5-py37h03978a9_0
  freeglut           anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::freeglut-3.2.1-h0e60522_0
  freetype           anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::freetype-2.10.4-h546665d_0
  icu                anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::icu-68.1-h0e60522_0
  intel-openmp       anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::intel-openmp-2020.3-h57928b3_311
  jasper             anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::jasper-2.0.14-h77af90b_1
  jpeg               anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::jpeg-9d-h8ffe710_0
  libblas            anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::libblas-3.9.0-4_mkl
  libcblas           anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::libcblas-3.9.0-4_mkl
  libclang           anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::libclang-11.0.0-default_h5c34c98_2
  liblapack          anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::liblapack-3.9.0-4_mkl
  liblapacke         anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::liblapacke-3.9.0-4_mkl
  libopencv          anaconda/cloud/conda-forge/win-64::libopencv-4.5.0-py37_4
  ...

重新运行安装jupyter插件,一切就都顺利了。
在这里插入图片描述

2021年1月5日09:19:24 更新结束

2021年1月5日21:21:53 开始

进入发现都设置好了,但是自动提示还是没有出现。发现在base环境下的就可以有自动提示,不管是从base环境输入jupyter notebook进入网页,然后新建一个root模式的

2021年1月5日21:22:04 结束

  1. 执行命令
    键盘上同时按住ctrl+enter键,当然也可以用鼠标在界面上指指点点。
  2. 输出
    点击File->Download as,你可以选择多种格式下载你的notebook。一般我都会根据下面的用途来选择不同的下载格式:
    1)如果我想和客户分享我的数据分析成果,我会选择将notebook下载为HTML文件。
    2)如果我希望将自己的数据分析成果和代码嵌入到项目中,比如为药店管理系统做个数据分析子模块,我就会选择Python(.py)模块,这可以将我的代码融入项目中,成为子模块,方便和其他开发人员共同完成任务。
    3)如果要在博客或文档中使用 notebook,我就选择Markdown格式。
    好了,你会使用notebook了。

1.2.4 关于快捷键:

27 个Jupyter Notebook的小提示与技巧

Jupyter在顶部的菜单里保留了许多快捷键:Help > keyboard Shortcuts(快捷键’h’直达). 每次更新Jupyter时,都值得再次进行查看,因为新的快捷键总是不断被添加进来。
另一个查看快捷键的方式是使用命令面板: Ctrl + Shift + P。这个对话框将会帮助你通过名称运行任何命令 – 这非常有用,尤其当你不知道一个命令的快捷键或者你想要执行的命令没有快捷键时。

1.3 jupyter 使用技巧积累

Jupyter Notebook的27个秘诀,技巧和快捷键
27 个Jupyter Notebook的小提示与技巧
有链接看就行了,具体的这里不再赘述了。

接下来就是一下几个内容:

  1. 关于jupyter的使用举例
  2. 强大的数组、矩阵计算——numpy
  3. 强大的数组、矩阵计算——panda

如何优雅的使用jupyter

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