linux kernel_init
前言: 内核在启动用户空间程序时会创建两个线程,kthread() 和 kernel_init()线程,在前一篇介绍了kthread()线程 点击打开链接,本文不在赘述,这里主要是对kernel_init()线程创建init=1号进程,并完成驱动模块的注册(这里的驱动模块是编译进内核的模块)。 1. kthreadd()路径:linux-3.10.x\init\main.c...
前言:
内核在启动用户空间程序时会创建两个线程,kthread() 和 kernel_init()线程,在前一篇介绍了kthread()线程 点击打开链接,本文不在赘述,这里主要是对kernel_init()线程创建init=1号进程,并完成驱动模块的注册(这里的驱动模块是编译进内核的模块)。
1. kthreadd()
路径:linux-3.10.x\init\main.c
static noinline void __init_refok rest_init(void)
{
int pid;
rcu_scheduler_starting();
/*
* We need to spawn init first so that it obtains pid 1, however
* the init task will end up wanting to create kthreads, which, if
* we schedule it before we create kthreadd, will OOPS.
*/
kernel_thread(kernel_init, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_SIGHAND); //init=1 号进程的创建
numa_default_policy();
pid = kernel_thread(kthreadd, NULL, CLONE_FS | CLONE_FILES); //内核进程kthread的创建,用来管理内核层线程
rcu_read_lock();
kthreadd_task = find_task_by_pid_ns(pid, &init_pid_ns);
rcu_read_unlock();
complete(&kthreadd_done); //唤醒完成量
/*
* The boot idle thread must execute schedule()
* at least once to get things moving:
*/
init_idle_bootup_task(current);
schedule_preempt_disabled();
/* Call into cpu_idle with preempt disabled */
cpu_startup_entry(CPUHP_ONLINE);
}
2. kernel_init()
路径:linux-3.10.x\init\main.c
功能:init=1号进程创建、内核驱动模块注册、启动默认控制台/dev/console
static int __ref kernel_init(void *unused)
{
//kernel_init_freeable内部使用了等待完成量“kthreadd_done”,通过内核启动的报文我们得知,该线程虽然先创建
//但却是在“kthreadd”线程创建完才执行的,原因是kthreadd执行完后才唤醒完成量的,所以这里会等待完成量!!!
kernel_init_freeable();
/* need to finish all async __init code before freeing the memory */
async_synchronize_full();
free_initmem(); //释放init初始化数据段,见下面
mark_rodata_ro(); //标记只读数据段为只读,arm平台不影响
system_state = SYSTEM_RUNNING;//设置系统为运行状态
numa_default_policy(); //numa即非一致性内存访问,设置默认策略
flush_delayed_fput();
/*
内核启动信息“Kernel command line: root=/dev/mtdblock4 rootfstype=yaffs2 rootflags=inband-tags console=ttyS0,115200n8 rdinit=/sbin/init ro mem=64M”
如果ramdisk_execute_command变量指定了要运行的程序,启动它。
ramdisk_execute_command的取值分为三种情况:
a.如果命令行参数中指定了“rdinit=...”,则ramdisk_execute_command等于这个参数指定的程序。
b.否则,如果/init程序存在,ramdisk_execute_command就等于/init
c.否则,ramdisk_execute_command为空
韦老师书中所用的命令没有设定“rdinit=...”,根文件系统中也没有"/init"。所以ramdisk_execute_command为空。if下的那块程序不会执行。
*/
if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
if (!run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command))
return 0;
pr_err("Failed to execute %s\n", ramdisk_execute_command);
}
/*
* We try each of these until one succeeds.
*
* The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
* trying to recover a really broken machine.
*/
if (execute_command) {
if (!run_init_process(execute_command))
return 0;
pr_err("Failed to execute %s. Attempting defaults...\n",
execute_command);
}
/*
分析文件系统中init源码,里面主要是1号进程创建,环境设置,还有文件系统的console,
*/
if (!run_init_process("/sbin/init") ||
!run_init_process("/etc/init") ||
!run_init_process("/bin/init") ||
!run_init_process("/bin/sh"))
return 0;
panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. "
"See Linux Documentation/init.txt for guidance.");
}
即非一致性内存访问,设置默认策略
flush_delayed_fput();
/*
内核启动信息“Kernel command line: root=/dev/mtdblock4 rootfstype=yaffs2 rootflags=inband-tags console=ttyS0,115200n8 rdinit=/sbin/init ro mem=64M”
如果ramdisk_execute_command变量指定了要运行的程序,启动它。
ramdisk_execute_command的取值分为三种情况:
a.如果命令行参数中指定了“rdinit=...”,则ramdisk_execute_command等于这个参数指定的程序。
b.否则,如果/init程序存在,ramdisk_execute_command就等于/init
c.否则,ramdisk_execute_command为空
韦老师书中所用的命令没有设定“rdinit=...”,根文件系统中也没有"/init"。所以ramdisk_execute_command为空。if下的那块程序不会执行。
*/
if (ramdisk_execute_command) {
if (!run_init_process(ramdisk_execute_command))
return 0;
pr_err("Failed to execute %s\n", ramdisk_execute_command);
}
/*
* We try each of these until one succeeds.
*
* The Bourne shell can be used instead of init if we are
* trying to recover a really broken machine.
*/
if (execute_command) {
if (!run_init_process(execute_command))
return 0;
pr_err("Failed to execute %s. Attempting defaults...\n",
execute_command);
}
/*
分析文件系统中init源码,里面主要是1号进程创建,环境设置,还有文件系统的console,
*/
if (!run_init_process("/sbin/init") ||
!run_init_process("/etc/init") ||
!run_init_process("/bin/init") ||
!run_init_process("/bin/sh"))
return 0;
panic("No init found. Try passing init= option to kernel. "
"See Linux Documentation/init.txt for guidance.");
}
void free_initmem(void)
{
#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_TCM
extern char __tcm_start, __tcm_end;
poison_init_mem(&__tcm_start, &__tcm_end - &__tcm_start);
free_reserved_area(&__tcm_start, &__tcm_end, 0, "TCM link");
#endif
poison_init_mem(__init_begin, __init_end - __init_begin); //释放init段
if (!machine_is_integrator() && !machine_is_cintegrator())
free_initmem_default(0);
}
/*
* Poison init memory with an undefined instruction (ARM) or a branch to an
* undefined instruction (Thumb).
*/
static inline void poison_init_mem(void *s, size_t count)
{
u32 *p = (u32 *)s;
for (; count != 0; count -= 4)
*p++ = 0xe7fddef0;
/*
内核初始化时把这些内存区域初始化为0xe7fddef0 (an undefined instruction (ARM) or
a branch to an undefined instruction (Thumb)),如果运行时函数非法访问到了这些区域,
会触发一个undef instruction的异常并打印相应的回调,从而辅助开发人员更快地解决相关
问题。
*/
}
3. kernel_init_freeable()
路径:linux-3.10.x\init\main.c
功能:kernel_init_freeable主要功能是,等待内核线程创建完wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done)、注册内核驱动模块do_basic_setup()、启动默认控制台/dev/console
static noinline void __init kernel_init_freeable(void)
{
/*
* Wait until kthreadd is all set-up.
*/
wait_for_completion(&kthreadd_done); //等待完成量,即等待kthreadd线程完成
/* Now the scheduler is fully set up and can do blocking allocations */
gfp_allowed_mask = __GFP_BITS_MASK;
/*
* init can allocate pages on any node
*/
set_mems_allowed(node_states[N_MEMORY]);
/*
* init can run on any cpu.
*/
set_cpus_allowed_ptr(current, cpu_all_mask);
cad_pid = task_pid(current);
smp_prepare_cpus(setup_max_cpus);
do_pre_smp_initcalls();
lockup_detector_init();
smp_init();
sched_init_smp();
do_basic_setup();
/* Open the /dev/console on the rootfs, this should never fail */
if (sys_open((const char __user *) "/dev/console", O_RDWR, 0) < 0)
pr_err("Warning: unable to open an initial console.\n");
(void) sys_dup(0);
(void) sys_dup(0);
/*
* check if there is an early userspace init. If yes, let it do all
* the work
*/
if (!ramdisk_execute_command)
ramdisk_execute_command = "/init";
if (sys_access((const char __user *) ramdisk_execute_command, 0) != 0) {
ramdisk_execute_command = NULL;
prepare_namespace();
}
/*
* Ok, we have completed the initial bootup, and
* we're essentially up and running. Get rid of the
* initmem segments and start the user-mode stuff..
*/
/* rootfs is available now, try loading default modules */
load_default_modules();
}
4. do_basic_setup()
路径:linux-3.10.x\init\main.c
功能:初始化cpuset子系统、创建khelper线程队列、内核模块驱动注册、
static void __init do_basic_setup(void)
{
cpuset_init_smp(); //初始化内核control group的cpuset子系统
usermodehelper_init();//创建khelper单线程工作队列,用于协助新建和运行用户空间程序
shmem_init(); //初始化共享内存
driver_init(); //驱动模块总线、文件系统注册,包括bus、devtmpfs、platform
init_irq_proc(); //创建/proc/irq目录, 并初始化系统中所有中断对应的子目录
do_ctors(); //执行内核的构造函数
usermodehelper_enable(); //使能usermodehelper
do_initcalls(); //调用level 0到level 7的initcall函数,依次的level名称是"early", "core", "postcore", "arch", "subsys", "fs", "device", “late”,需要注意的kernel在这块的命名有些问题,early_initcall对应的level小于0,pure_initcall对应level才是0
random_int_secret_init(); //初始化随机数生成池
}
void __init driver_init(void)
{
/* These are the core pieces */
devtmpfs_init();
devices_init();
buses_init();
classes_init();
firmware_init();
hypervisor_init();
/* These are also core pieces, but must come after the
* core core pieces.
*/
platform_bus_init(); //见此文分析:http://blog.csdn.net/xichangbao/article/details/52938240
cpu_dev_init();
memory_dev_init();
}
5. do_initcalls()路径:linux-3.10.x\init\main.c
功能:初始化initcall_levels,完成编译进内核的驱动模块注册
static void __init do_initcalls(void)
{
int level;
for (level = 0; level < ARRAY_SIZE(initcall_levels) - 1; level++)
do_initcall_level(level);
}
由于这里涉及到的东西比较多,可以见之前写的一篇博客点击打开链接,本文不再赘述!
至此,内核的初始化结束,正式进入了用户空间的初始化过程至此,内核的初始化结束,正式进入了用户空间的初始化过程至此,内核的初始化结束,正式进入了用户空间的初始化过程,在kernel_init线程中调用的do_basic_setup()函数会去初始化设备驱动,完成其他驱动程序(直接编译进内核的模块)的初始化。内核中大部分的启动数据输出(都是各设备的驱动模块输出)都是这里产生的。是我们驱动工程师需要重点关注的函数。
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