前言

       目前k8s+docker算是运维必修了，docker能让我们的环境一键迁移，k8s能自动编排,还能保证服务高可用，两者结合自然是无敌，那我们要不要使用k8s呢？这要根据自身情况，任何技术的使用，都需要根据具体情况来定，就像你要杀鸡，却非要选牛刀，牛刀是很锋利，但还不够你折腾的

       本文重点介绍k8s集群外如何访问集群内的服务，主要方式有：hostPort或hostNetwork、NodePort、Ingress

一、hostPort或hostNetwork

 hostPort和hostNetwork 放在首位是因为大家很容易忽略它们，它们也可让集群外访问集群内应用，用法：

• hostNetwork

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx-deployment
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec: 
      nodeSelector:      # node节点选择器
        role: master     # node节点标签(Label)
      hostNetwork: true  # 使用node节点网络
      containers:
      - image: nginx
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080

重点在和containers平级的hostNetwork: true,表示pod使用宿主机网络，配合nodeSelector，把pod实例化在固定节点，如上，我给mater节点加上标签role: master,通过nodeSelector,nginx就会实例化在master节点，这样就可以通过master节点的ip和8080端口访问这个nginx了

• hostPort

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx-deployment
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec: 
      nodeSelector:      # node节点选择器
        role: master     # node节点标签(Label)
      containers:
      - image: nginx
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
          hostPort: 80                #重点

和hostNetwork相比多了映射能力，可以把容器端口映射为node节点不同端口，hostPort,当然也需要nodeSelector来固定节点，不然每次创建，节点不同，ip也会改变

访问方式：nodeSelector所选节点ip:hostPort, 如上：role=Master标签节点Ip:80

二、NodePort

NodePort是最常见的提供集群外访问的方式之一，该方式使用Service提供集群外访问

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx-deployment
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec: 
      containers:
      - image: nginx
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx-pod-service
  labels:
    app: nginx                  #自身标签
spec:
  type: NodePort                # 类型ExternalName, ClusterIP, NodePort, and LoadBalancer
  ports:
  - port: 8080                 # service在k8s集群内服务端口
    targetPort: 8080           # 关联pod对外开放端口
    nodePort: 30088            # 集群外访问端口，端口范围【30000-32767】
  selector:
    app: nginx                 # pod标签

访问方式：集群内任意节点ip加nodePort所配端口号，如上：集群内任一节点ip:30088，即可访问nginx

三、Ingress

Ingress基本生产必备，可以简单理解为部署了一个nginx服务，该服务使用hostNetwork或hostPort方式提供集群外访问，再根据配置的路由规则，路由的集群内部各个service

• Ingress安装

Ingress有各种实现版本，这里安装的为ingress-nginx,其yaml文件如下：ingress.yaml

 

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: ingress-nginx
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
 
---
 
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: nginx-configuration
  namespace: ingress-nginx
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
 
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: tcp-services
  namespace: ingress-nginx
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
 
---
kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: udp-services
  namespace: ingress-nginx
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
 
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress-serviceaccount
  namespace: ingress-nginx
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
 
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: ClusterRole
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress-clusterrole
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
rules:
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - configmaps
      - endpoints
      - nodes
      - pods
      - secrets
    verbs:
      - list
      - watch
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - nodes
    verbs:
      - get
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - services
    verbs:
      - get
      - list
      - watch
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - events
    verbs:
      - create
      - patch
  - apiGroups:
      - "extensions"
      - "networking.k8s.io"
    resources:
      - ingresses
    verbs:
      - get
      - list
      - watch
  - apiGroups:
      - "extensions"
      - "networking.k8s.io"
    resources:
      - ingresses/status
    verbs:
      - update
 
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: Role
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress-role
  namespace: ingress-nginx
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
rules:
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - configmaps
      - pods
      - secrets
      - namespaces
    verbs:
      - get
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - configmaps
    resourceNames:
      # Defaults to "<election-id>-<ingress-class>"
      # Here: "<ingress-controller-leader>-<nginx>"
      # This has to be adapted if you change either parameter
      # when launching the nginx-ingress-controller.
      - "ingress-controller-leader-nginx"
    verbs:
      - get
      - update
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - configmaps
    verbs:
      - create
  - apiGroups:
      - ""
    resources:
      - endpoints
    verbs:
      - get
 
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: RoleBinding
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress-role-nisa-binding
  namespace: ingress-nginx
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: Role
  name: nginx-ingress-role
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: nginx-ingress-serviceaccount
    namespace: ingress-nginx
 
---
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1beta1
kind: ClusterRoleBinding
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress-clusterrole-nisa-binding
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
roleRef:
  apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: nginx-ingress-clusterrole
subjects:
  - kind: ServiceAccount
    name: nginx-ingress-serviceaccount
    namespace: ingress-nginx
 
---
 
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress-controller
  namespace: ingress-nginx
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
      app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
        app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
      annotations:
        prometheus.io/port: "10254"
        prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
    spec:
      # wait up to five minutes for the drain of connections
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 300
      serviceAccountName: nginx-ingress-serviceaccount
      nodeSelector:                  #注意修改自己nodeSelector
        role: master
      hostNetwork: true
      containers:
        - name: nginx-ingress-controller
          image: quay.io/kubernetes-ingress-controller/nginx-ingress-controller:0.30.0
          args:
            - /nginx-ingress-controller
            - --configmap=$(POD_NAMESPACE)/nginx-configuration
            - --tcp-services-configmap=$(POD_NAMESPACE)/tcp-services
            - --udp-services-configmap=$(POD_NAMESPACE)/udp-services
            - --publish-service=$(POD_NAMESPACE)/ingress-nginx
            - --annotations-prefix=nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io
          securityContext:
            allowPrivilegeEscalation: true
            capabilities:
              drop:
                - ALL
              add:
                - NET_BIND_SERVICE
            # www-data -> 101
            runAsUser: 101
          env:
            - name: POD_NAME
              valueFrom:
                fieldRef:
                  fieldPath: metadata.name
            - name: POD_NAMESPACE
              valueFrom:
                fieldRef:
                  fieldPath: metadata.namespace
          ports:
            - name: http
              containerPort: 80
              protocol: TCP
            - name: https
              containerPort: 443
              protocol: TCP
          livenessProbe:
            failureThreshold: 3
            httpGet:
              path: /healthz
              port: 10254
              scheme: HTTP
            initialDelaySeconds: 10
            periodSeconds: 10
            successThreshold: 1
            timeoutSeconds: 10
          readinessProbe:
            failureThreshold: 3
            httpGet:
              path: /healthz
              port: 10254
              scheme: HTTP
            periodSeconds: 10
            successThreshold: 1
            timeoutSeconds: 10
          lifecycle:
            preStop:
              exec:
                command:
                  - /wait-shutdown
 
---
 
apiVersion: v1
kind: LimitRange
metadata:
  name: ingress-nginx
  namespace: ingress-nginx
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/name: ingress-nginx
    app.kubernetes.io/part-of: ingress-nginx
spec:
  limits:
  - min:
      memory: 90Mi
      cpu: 100m
    type: Container

kubectl apply -f ingress.yaml

该yaml会创建ingress-nginx命名空间，待对应pod进入running状态，ingress服务就安装完成了

• 配置ingress路由规则

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  labels:
    app: nginx
  name: nginx-deployment
spec:
  replicas: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: nginx
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: nginx
    spec: 
      containers:
      - image: nginx
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        name: nginx
        ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  name: nginx-pod-service
  labels:
    app: nginx                  #自身标签
spec:
  type: NodePort                # 类型ExternalName, ClusterIP, NodePort, and LoadBalancer
  ports:
  - port: 8080                 # service在k8s集群内服务端口
    targetPort: 8080           # 关联pod对外开放端口
  selector:
    app: nginx                 # pod标签
---
apiVersion: extensions/v1beta1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  name: nginx-ingress
  labels:
    app.kubernetes.io/version: v1
  annotations:
    nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
spec:
  rules:
  - host: nginx.test.com
    http:
      paths:
      - path: /
        backend:
          serviceName: nginx-pod-service     # 上面nginx Service配置的name
          servicePort: 8080                  #  Service配置的port

集群外配置好host

ingress服务部署节点的ip   nginx.test.com  

通过域名进行访问，且仅能通过域名

总结各方式利弊

hostPort和hostNetwork直接使用节点网络，部署时节点需固定，访问ip也固定(也可以用host)，端口为正常端口

nodeport方式部署时不要求固定节点，可通过集群内任一ip进行访问，就是端口为30000以上，很多时候由于公司安全策略导致不能访问

ingress需要额外安装ingress模块，配置路由规则，且仅能通过所配置域名访问，配置好域名后，可以直接对外提供服务，和传统的nginx作用类似

可根据各自情况灵活使用