Requests库详解

 

什么是Requests

Requests 是⽤Python语⾔编写，基于 urllib，采⽤ Apache2 Licensed 开源协议的 HTTP 库。

它⽐ urllib 更加⽅便，可以节约我们⼤量的⼯作，完全满⾜ HTTP 测试需求。

⼀句话——Python实现的简单易⽤的HTTP库

安装requests

pip install requests -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple

import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/')
response.encoding='utf-8'
print(type(response))
print(response.status_code)
print(type(response.text))
print(response.text)
print(response.cookies)

最简单的post请求

import requests

response = requests.post('http://httpbin.org/post')
print(response.text)

 

带参数的get请求

import requests
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=germey&age=22")
print(response.status_code)  #打印状态码
print(response.text)

 

params参数

import requests
data = {
    'name':'germery',
    'age':'22'
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get",params=data)   #params传输参数
print(response.status_code)
print(response.text)

 

json解析

import requests
import json

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get")
print(type(response.text))
print(response.json())

print(json.loads(response.text))
print(type(response.json()))

 

 

获取二进制文件

import requests

response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")
print(type(response.text),type(response.content))
print(response.text)
print(response.content)

保存文件favicon.ico

import requests
response = requests.get("https://github.com/favicon.ico")

with open('./favicon.ico','wb')as f:
    f.write(response.content)
    f.close()

 

添加headers请求

import requests

headers = {'user-agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/83.0.4103.61 Safari/537.36'}

response = requests.get("https://www.zhihu.com/explore",headers=headers)

print(response.text)

 

基本POST请求

import requests

data = {'name':'germey','age':'22'}
headers = {'user-agent':'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/83.0.4103.61 Safari/537.36'}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post",headers=headers,data=data)
print(response.text)

rrequests属性

import requests
response = requests.get("https://www.jianshu.com")
print(type(response.status_code),response.status_code)   #状态码200表示成功
print(type(response.headers),response.headers)          #打印请求头
print(type(response.cookies),response.cookies)          #打印cookies
print(type(response.url),response.url)                  #打印URL地址
print(type(response.history))                           #打印历史记录

 

## 状态码判断

import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
exit() if not response.status_code == requests.codes.ok else print('Request Successfully')

import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.jianshu.cn/hello.html')
exit() if not response.status_code == requests.codes.not_found else print('404 Not Found')

可以用数字代替

import requests

response = requests.get('http://www.baidu.com')
exit() if not response.status_code == 200 else print('Request Successfully')

100: ('continue',),
101: ('switching_protocols',),
102: ('processing',),
103: ('checkpoint',),
122: ('uri_too_long', 'request_uri_too_long'),
200: ('ok', 'okay', 'all_ok', 'all_okay', 'all_good', '\\o/', '✓'),
201: ('created',),
202: ('accepted',),
203: ('non_authoritative_info', 'non_authoritative_information'),
204: ('no_content',),
205: ('reset_content', 'reset'),
206: ('partial_content', 'partial'),
207: ('multi_status', 'multiple_status', 'multi_stati', 'multiple_stati'),
208: ('already_reported',),
226: ('im_used',),

# Redirection.
300: ('multiple_choices',),
301: ('moved_permanently', 'moved', '\\o-'),
302: ('found',),
303: ('see_other', 'other'),
304: ('not_modified',),
305: ('use_proxy',),
306: ('switch_proxy',),
307: ('temporary_redirect', 'temporary_moved', 'temporary'),
308: ('permanent_redirect',
      'resume_incomplete', 'resume',), # These 2 to be removed in 3.0

# Client Error.
400: ('bad_request', 'bad'),
401: ('unauthorized',),
402: ('payment_required', 'payment'),
403: ('forbidden',),
404: ('not_found', '-o-'),
405: ('method_not_allowed', 'not_allowed'),
406: ('not_acceptable',),
407: ('proxy_authentication_required', 'proxy_auth', 'proxy_authentication'),
408: ('request_timeout', 'timeout'),
409: ('conflict',),
410: ('gone',),
411: ('length_required',),
412: ('precondition_failed', 'precondition'),
413: ('request_entity_too_large',),
414: ('request_uri_too_large',),
415: ('unsupported_media_type', 'unsupported_media', 'media_type'),
416: ('requested_range_not_satisfiable', 'requested_range', 'range_not_satisfiable'),
417: ('expectation_failed',),
418: ('im_a_teapot', 'teapot', 'i_am_a_teapot'),
421: ('misdirected_request',),
422: ('unprocessable_entity', 'unprocessable'),
423: ('locked',),
424: ('failed_dependency', 'dependency'),
425: ('unordered_collection', 'unordered'),
426: ('upgrade_required', 'upgrade'),
428: ('precondition_required', 'precondition'),
429: ('too_many_requests', 'too_many'),
431: ('header_fields_too_large', 'fields_too_large'),
444: ('no_response', 'none'),
449: ('retry_with', 'retry'),
450: ('blocked_by_windows_parental_controls', 'parental_controls'),
451: ('unavailable_for_legal_reasons', 'legal_reasons'),
499: ('client_closed_request',),

# Server Error.
500: ('internal_server_error', 'server_error', '/o\\', '✗'),
501: ('not_implemented',),
502: ('bad_gateway',),
503: ('service_unavailable', 'unavailable'),
504: ('gateway_timeout',),
505: ('http_version_not_supported', 'http_version'),
506: ('variant_also_negotiates',),
507: ('insufficient_storage',),
509: ('bandwidth_limit_exceeded', 'bandwidth'),
510: ('not_extended',),
511: ('network_authentication_required', 'network_auth', 'network_authentication'),

---

requests高级操作

文件上传

import requests

files = {'file': open('./favicon.ico', 'rb')}
response = requests.post("http://httpbin.org/post", files=files)
print(response.text)

获取cookie

import requests

response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com")
print(response.cookies)
for key, value in response.cookies.items():
    print(key + '=' + value)

会话维持

模拟登陆

不能获取cookie信息，因为这样访问相当于不同的浏览器，各个浏览器访问了一次，所以不能获取cookie信息

import requests

requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
response = requests.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)

#不能获取cookie信息，因为这样访问相当于不同的浏览器，各个浏览器访问了一次，所以不能获取cookie信息

requests提供Session()对象相当于在同一个浏览器访问两次

import requests

s = requests.Session()
s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies/set/number/123456789')
response = s.get('http://httpbin.org/cookies')
print(response.text)

证书验证

verify关闭证书验证

import requests
from requests.packages import urllib3
urllib3.disable_warnings()            #消除警告信息
response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', verify=False)
print(response.status_code)

提供一个证书给他认证

import requests

response = requests.get('https://www.12306.cn', cert=('/path/server.crt', '/path/key'))
print(response.status_code)

代理设置

import requests

proxies = {
  "http": "http://127.0.0.1:#",
  "https": "https://127.0.0.1:#",  #其中的#代表端口自己的代理自己设置
}

response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

有用户名和密码的

import requests

proxies = {
    "http": "http://user:password@127.0.0.1:#/",    #其中的#代表端口自己的代理自己设置
}
response = requests.get("https://www.taobao.com", proxies=proxies)
print(response.status_code)

pip3 install 'requests[socks]'

超时设置

import requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout
try:
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('Timeout')

认证设置

import requests
from requests.auth import HTTPBasicAuth

r = requests.get('http://192.168.195.1:9003', auth=HTTPBasicAuth('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)

 

import requests

r = requests.get('http://192.168.195.1:9003', auth=('user', '123'))
print(r.status_code)

异常处理

mport requests
from requests.exceptions import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError, RequestException
try:
    response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", timeout = 0.5)
    print(response.status_code)
except ReadTimeout:
    print('Timeout')
except ConnectionError:
    print('Connection error')
except RequestException:
    print('Error')