微服务架构分布式全局唯一ID生成策略及算法
全局唯一的 ID 几乎是所有系统都会遇到的刚需。这个 id 在搜索, 存储数据, 加快检索速度 等等很多方面都有着重要的意义。工业上有多种策略来获取这个全局唯一的id,针对常见的几种场景,我在这里进行简单的总结和对比。多种ID生成方式1. UUID算法的核心思想是结合机器的网卡、当地时间、一个随记数来生成UUID。优点:本地生成,性能好,没有高可用风险;缺点:长度过长,且无序...
全局唯一的 ID 几乎是所有系统都会遇到的刚需。这个 id 在搜索, 存储数据, 加快检索速度 等等很多方面都有着重要的意义。工业上有多种策略来获取这个全局唯一的id,针对常见的几种场景,我在这里进行简单的总结和对比。
多种ID生成方式
1. UUID
算法的核心思想是结合机器的网卡、当地时间、一个随记数来生成UUID。
- 优点:本地生成,性能好,没有高可用风险;
- 缺点:长度过长,且无序
2. 数据库sequence
使用数据库的id自增策略,如MySQL的auto_increment。并且可以使用两台数据库分别设置不同步长,生成不重复ID的策略来实现高可用。
- 优点:数据库生成的ID绝对有序,高可用实现方式简单。
- 缺点:需要独立部署数据库实例,成本高,有性能瓶颈
3.雪花算法
twitter生成全局ID生成器的算法策略。
简单来说:就是把64的Long型数据由以下几个部分组成:
符号位(1位)-时间戳(41位)-数据中心标识(5位)-ID生成器实例标识(5位)-序列号(12位)
通过部署多个ID生成器,位各个业务系统生成全局唯一的Long型ID。
- 优点:生成Long型易操作,有序
- 缺点:需要独立部署id生成器,增加维护成本
雪花算法实现代码
package com.example.demo.function;
import java.lang.management.ManagementFactory;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.NetworkInterface;
//雪花算法代码实现
public class SnowflakeIdGenerator {
// 时间起始标记点,作为基准,一般取系统的最近时间(一旦确定不能变动)
private final static long twepoch = 1288834974657L;
// 机器标识位数
private final static long workerIdBits = 5L;
// 数据中心标识位数
private final static long datacenterIdBits = 5L;
// 机器ID最大值
private final static long maxWorkerId = -1L ^ (-1L << workerIdBits);
// 数据中心ID最大值
private final static long maxDatacenterId = -1L ^ (-1L << datacenterIdBits);
// 毫秒内自增位
private final static long sequenceBits = 12L;
// 机器ID偏左移12位
private final static long workerIdShift = sequenceBits;
// 数据中心ID左移17位
private final static long datacenterIdShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits;
// 时间毫秒左移22位
private final static long timestampLeftShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits + datacenterIdBits;
private final static long sequenceMask = -1L ^ (-1L << sequenceBits);
/* 上次生产id时间戳 */
private static long lastTimestamp = -1L;
// 0,并发控制
private long sequence = 0L;
private final long workerId;
// 数据标识id部分
private final long datacenterId;
public SnowflakeIdGenerator(){
this.datacenterId = getDatacenterId(maxDatacenterId);
this.workerId = getMaxWorkerId(datacenterId, maxWorkerId);
}
/**
* @param workerId
* 工作机器ID
* @param datacenterId
* 序列号
*/
public SnowflakeIdGenerator(long workerId, long datacenterId) {
if (workerId > maxWorkerId || workerId < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("worker Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxWorkerId));
}
if (datacenterId > maxDatacenterId || datacenterId < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("datacenter Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxDatacenterId));
}
this.workerId = workerId;
this.datacenterId = datacenterId;
}
/**
* 获取下一个ID
*
* @return
*/
public synchronized long nextId() {
long timestamp = timeGen();
if (timestamp < lastTimestamp) {
throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Clock moved backwards. Refusing to generate id for %d milliseconds", lastTimestamp - timestamp));
}
if (lastTimestamp == timestamp) {
// 当前毫秒内,则+1
sequence = (sequence + 1) & sequenceMask;
if (sequence == 0) {
// 当前毫秒内计数满了,则等待下一秒
timestamp = tilNextMillis(lastTimestamp);
}
} else {
sequence = 0L;
}
lastTimestamp = timestamp;
// ID偏移组合生成最终的ID,并返回ID
long nextId = ((timestamp - twepoch) << timestampLeftShift)
| (datacenterId << datacenterIdShift)
| (workerId << workerIdShift) | sequence;
return nextId;
}
private long tilNextMillis(final long lastTimestamp) {
long timestamp = this.timeGen();
while (timestamp <= lastTimestamp) {
timestamp = this.timeGen();
}
return timestamp;
}
private long timeGen() {
return System.currentTimeMillis();
}
/**
* <p>
* 获取 maxWorkerId
* </p>
*/
protected static long getMaxWorkerId(long datacenterId, long maxWorkerId) {
StringBuffer mpid = new StringBuffer();
mpid.append(datacenterId);
String name = ManagementFactory.getRuntimeMXBean().getName();
if (!name.isEmpty()) {
/*
* GET jvmPid
*/
mpid.append(name.split("@")[0]);
}
/*
* MAC + PID 的 hashcode 获取16个低位
*/
return (mpid.toString().hashCode() & 0xffff) % (maxWorkerId + 1);
}
/**
* <p>
* 数据标识id部分
* </p>
*/
protected static long getDatacenterId(long maxDatacenterId) {
long id = 0L;
try {
InetAddress ip = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
NetworkInterface network = NetworkInterface.getByInetAddress(ip);
if (network == null) {
id = 1L;
} else {
byte[] mac = network.getHardwareAddress();
id = ((0x000000FF & (long) mac[mac.length - 1])
| (0x0000FF00 & (((long) mac[mac.length - 2]) << 8))) >> 6;
id = id % (maxDatacenterId + 1);
}
} catch (Exception e) {
System.out.println(" getDatacenterId: " + e.getMessage());
}
return id;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SnowflakeIdGenerator idWorker = new SnowflakeIdGenerator(0, 0);
for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
long id = idWorker.nextId();
//System.out.println(Long.toBinaryString(id));
System.out.println(id);
}
}
}
4.MongoDB ObjectId
生成策略类似雪花算法。
时间戳+机器ID+进程ID+序列号=>ObjectId对象
- 优点:本地生成,有序,成本低
- 缺点:使用机器ID和进程ID,64位Long无法存储,只能生成特殊ObjectId对象。
总结对比
方式 | 优点 | 缺点 |
---|---|---|
UUID | 本地生成,无中心,无性能瓶颈 | 无序,过长 |
MongoDB ObjectId | 本地生成,含时间戳,有序 | 过长 |
数据库sequence | 有序 | 中心生成,独立部署数据库 |
雪花算法 | 有序,Long型 | 中心生成,独立部署ID生成器 |
大致的总结优略点如下:
方式 | 优点 | 缺点 |
---|---|---|
UUID | 本地生成,无中心,无性能瓶颈 | 无序,过长 |
MongoDB ObjectId | 本地生成,含时间戳,有序 | 过长 |
数据库sequence | 有序 | 中心生成,独立部署数据库 |
雪花算法 | 有序,Long型 | 中心生成,独立部署ID生成器 |
想要的
看了以上,我想要的ID生成策略是怎样的呢?
64位易操作存储,按时间有序,无中心本地生成。
好吧,其实本文也没有完全实现以上需求,如果哪位小伙伴有更好方案欢迎回复分享!!!
本文只是基于对以上几种方案的认识,稍加改进,尽可能的满足需求!
来吧
我的想法:
使用Long型,不可避免参考雪花算法的实现,但是要实现本地化生成,要参考ObjectId的生成策略,使用类似机器ID,进程ID来保证唯一性。
如何解决使用机器ID,进程ID时导致ID过长的问题?
解决方式:放弃使用机器ID,进程ID,使用serverId标识服务,使用instanceId标识服务进程,但是。。。没办法,需要一个中心来进行注册,保证唯一性,本例中使用Redis(不限于redis,database,memcached都可)。
- 相对于使用独立部署的ID生成器,我想Redis之类的缓存集群是各个分布式系统架构中都会存在的,这样可以显著降低架构复杂度,降低成本。
- 对redis的依赖较低,可以说只需要启动的时候访问redis即可,后续本地生成ID。
- 另外serverId是固定不变的,是可以预先分配好的,比如会员中心微服务的serverId分配为10,这是固定不变的。
package com.example.demo.function;
import redis.clients.jedis.Jedis;
import redis.clients.jedis.exceptions.JedisException;
import java.net.Inet4Address;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.util.Random;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;
import java.util.concurrent.ScheduledExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
public class IdGenerator {
// 时间基线 2016/1/1
private final long timeBaseLine = 1454315864414L;
// 服务编号
private volatile long serverId = -1;
//服务实例编号
private volatile long instanceId = -1;
private volatile boolean inited = false;
// 序列号
private long sequence;
private static final String ID_CREATOR_KEY = "ID_CREATOR";
private static final String KEY_SEP = ":";
// private static final long timeBits = 41;
private static final long serverIdBits = 7;
private static final long instanceIdBits = 10;
private static final long sequenceBits = 5;
private static final long maxServerId = ~(-1L << serverIdBits);
private static final long maxInstanceId = ~(-1L << instanceIdBits);
private static final long maxSequence = ~(-1L << sequenceBits);
private static final long timeBitsShift = serverIdBits + instanceIdBits + sequenceBits;
private static final long serverIdBitsShift = instanceIdBits + sequenceBits;
private static final long instanceIdBitsShift = sequenceBits;
private long lastTimestamp = -1L;
private static final Random r = new Random();
private static IdGenerator idGenerator = new IdGenerator();
private IdGenerator() {
}
public static IdGenerator getInstance() {
return idGenerator;
}
/**
* 应用启动完成后调用init
*
* @param serverId
*/
public synchronized void init(long serverId) {
if (serverId > maxServerId || serverId < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("serveriId最小值为: 0,最大值为: " + maxServerId);
}
this.serverId = serverId;
if (!inited) {
inited = true;
Jedis jedis = new Jedis("localhost", 6379);
ScheduledExecutorService scheduledService = Executors.newScheduledThreadPool(1);
RegisterIdCreatorInstanceTask registerIdCreatorInstanceTask = new RegisterIdCreatorInstanceTask(jedis);
// 定义定时任务,定期调用redis注册,续约instanceId
scheduledService.scheduleWithFixedDelay(registerIdCreatorInstanceTask, 0, RegisterIdCreatorInstanceTask.INTERVAL_SECONDS, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
} else {
System.out.println("已经初始化!");
}
}
/**
* 注册id生成器实例
*/
private class RegisterIdCreatorInstanceTask implements Runnable {
private Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(RegisterIdCreatorInstanceTask.class.getCanonicalName());
public static final int INTERVAL_SECONDS = 30;
private Jedis jedis;
private RegisterIdCreatorInstanceTask(Jedis jedis) {
this.jedis = jedis;
}
public void run() {
try {
long srvId = idGenerator.getServerId();
long currentInstanceId = idGenerator.getInstanceId();
String prefixKey = ID_CREATOR_KEY + KEY_SEP + srvId + KEY_SEP;
if (currentInstanceId < 0) {
//注册
registerInstanceIdWithIpv4();
} else {
//续约
String result = jedis.set(prefixKey + currentInstanceId, srvId + KEY_SEP + currentInstanceId, "XX", "EX", INTERVAL_SECONDS * 3);
if (!"OK".equals(result)) {
logger.warning("服务[" + srvId + "]ID生成器:" + currentInstanceId + "续约失败,等待重新注册");
registerInstanceIdWithIpv4();
} else {
logger.info("服务[" + srvId + "]ID生成器:" + currentInstanceId + "续约成功");
}
}
} catch (JedisException e) {
logger.severe("Redis 出现异常!");
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (idGenerator.getInstanceId() < 0) {
idGenerator.setInited(false);
}
if (jedis != null) {
jedis.close();
}
}
}
private int registerInstanceIdWithIpv4() {
long ip4Value = getIp4LongValue();
// Redis key 格式:key->val , ID_CREATOR:serverId:instanceId -> serverId:instanceId
String prefixKey = ID_CREATOR_KEY + KEY_SEP + serverId + KEY_SEP;
// 需要使用java8
int regInstanceId = registerInstanceId((int) (ip4Value % (maxInstanceId + 1)), (int) maxInstanceId, (v) -> {
String res = jedis.set(prefixKey + v, serverId + KEY_SEP + v, "NX", "EX", INTERVAL_SECONDS * 3);
return "OK".equals(res) ? v : -1;
});
idGenerator.setInstanceId(regInstanceId);
idGenerator.setInited(true);
logger.info("服务[" + serverId + "]注册了一个ID生成器:" + regInstanceId);
return regInstanceId;
}
/**
* 注册instance,成功就返回
*
* @param basePoint
* @param max
* @param action
* @return
*/
public int registerInstanceId(int basePoint, int max, Function<Integer, Integer> action) {
int result;
for (int i = basePoint; i <= max; i++) {
result = action.apply(i);
if (result > -1) {
return result;
}
}
for (int i = 0; i < basePoint; i++) {
result = action.apply(i);
if (result > -1) {
return result;
}
}
return 0;
}
/**
* IPV4地址转Long
*
* @return
*/
private long getIp4LongValue() {
try {
InetAddress inetAddress = Inet4Address.getLocalHost();
byte[] ip = inetAddress.getAddress();
return Math.abs((ip[0] << 24)
| (ip[1] << 16)
| (ip[2] << 8)
| ip[3]);
} catch (Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace();
return 0;
}
}
}
/**
* 获取ID
*
* @return
*/
public long getId() {
long id = nextId();
return id;
}
private synchronized long nextId() {
if (serverId < 0 || instanceId < 0) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("目前不能生成唯一性ID,serverId:[" + serverId + "],instanceId:[" + instanceId + "]!");
}
long timestamp = currentTime();
if (timestamp < lastTimestamp) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Err clock");
}
sequence = (sequence + 1) & maxSequence;
if (lastTimestamp == timestamp) {
if (sequence == 0) {
timestamp = tilNextMillis(lastTimestamp);
}
}
lastTimestamp = timestamp;
long id = ((timestamp - timeBaseLine) << timeBitsShift)
| (serverId << serverIdBitsShift)
| (instanceId << instanceIdBitsShift)
| sequence;
return id;
}
/**
* get the timestamp (millis second) of id
*
* @param id the nextId
* @return the timestamp of id
*/
public long getIdTimestamp(long id) {
return timeBaseLine + (id >> timeBitsShift);
}
private long tilNextMillis(long lastTimestamp) {
long timestamp = currentTime();
while (timestamp <= lastTimestamp) {
timestamp = currentTime();
}
return timestamp;
}
private long currentTime() {
return System.currentTimeMillis();
}
@Override
public String toString() {
final StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder("IdCreator{");
sb.append("serverId=").append(serverId);
sb.append(",instanceId=").append(instanceId);
sb.append(", timeBaseLine=").append(timeBaseLine);
sb.append(", lastTimestamp=").append(lastTimestamp);
sb.append(", sequence=").append(sequence);
sb.append('}');
return sb.toString();
}
public long getServerId() {
return serverId;
}
private void setServerId(long serverId) {
this.serverId = serverId;
}
public long getInstanceId() {
return instanceId;
}
private void setInstanceId(long instanceId) {
this.instanceId = instanceId;
}
public boolean isInited() {
return inited;
}
private void setInited(boolean inited) {
this.inited = inited;
}
}
源码 地址:https://github.com/darren-fu/IdGenerator
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